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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
e Library of the
Museum of
Comparative Zoology
ee
VOL. 98 JANUARY 1996 NO. 1 (ISSN 0013-8797)
PROCEEDINGS 30
of the Ag 4
y's
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
CONTENTS
FITZGERALD, SCOTT J.—Notes on Nearctic Bibio (Diptera: Bibionidae) ...................... 50
HANLEY, RODNEY S.—Immature stages of Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae), with observations on natural history, fungal hosts and devel- TENS. scctecdatinnedoe oppose seen Nera Mere BORSA Ce IN Hen OS BEA SEE ne aA UH natn AS eS UN AL eee E GSE 36
HICKS, ANDREW L. and ROBERT F. WHITCOMB—Diversity of the leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) fauna of northern Chihuahuan grasslands, with emphasis on gypsum grasslands and description of a new species of Athysanella (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) ........... 145
HOEBEKE, E. RICHARD and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Pteromalus elevatus (Walker) (Hymen- optera: Pteromalidae): North American records of an immigrant parasitoid of the gall fly Wraphorasyjaccanay(Diptera: Mephritidae) mo sos ge segs ye Ne nie les solace clas ee ese nce eistas cia Peele was sie s 5Py 87
HUNTER, MARTHA S., MICHAEL F. ANTOLIN, and MIKE ROSE—Courtship behavior, reproductive relationships, and allozyme patterns of three North American populations of Eretmocerus nr. californicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing the whitefly Bemisia sp., tabaci complex (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) .............. 2... sce e cece cence teen eee neces 126
KIMSEY, LYNN S.—Revision of the South American thynnine genus Upa (Hymenoptera: Ti-
(DUAVIVG A) ofa Bats Aele chiens Cs Hae BER Uo a cites i ePIC RUG SOU eta me ni MONA RAEI a Sed URE SIRE 55 MALDONADO CAPRILES, J.—New taxa and key to the tribes and genera in Tribelocephalinae
Stall SGor (Heteroptera: Reduvirdac) ys sae ee ela iie rae T S ehala tea wers (aca situ a slain sine 138 MILLER, DOUGLASS R.—Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico ... 68
NEUNZIG, H. H. and M. A. SOLIS—A new species of Palatka Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: 12) GS TCOr Eis 1S) Nae See ee eR CONN SUMAN ki a A A Em oe SE Re DEA ES Se 64
SCHAUFF, MICHAEL E., GREGORY A. EVANS, and JOHN M. HERATY—A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera:
PMleVroGidae) iii INOKthy Ament Gaieme say wah ee Nut cist lietued lan ct eet jiet ais tal. b SoniaGaiak ela son s\s(aaels Mave 1 SMITH, CLYDE F. and RANDI W. ECKEL—Aphis crassicauda, n. sp. (Homoptera: Aphidi- dae), with a key to alate species of Aphis on Viburnum spp. in the United States .......... 44
(Continued on back cover)
THE
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884
OFFICERS FOR 1996
RALPH P. ECKERLIN, President MICHAEL G. POGUE, Treasurer M. ALMA SOLIS, President-Elect DAviD G. FuRTH, Program Chair DARLENE D. JuDD, Recording Secretary Davip ADAMSKI, Membership Chair HOLuis B. WILLIAMS, Corresponding Secretary JOHN W. NEAL, Jr., Past President
Gary L. MILLER, Custodian DAVID R. SmiTH, Editor
Publications Committee THOMAS J. HENRY WAYNE N. MATHIS
Gary L. MILLER, Book Review Editor
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The Society does not exchange its publications for those of other societies. PLEASE SEE P. 218 OF THE JANUARY, 1991 ISSUE FOR INFORMATION REGARDING PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS. STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP
Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October).
Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of Washington, % Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Wash- ington, D.C. 20560.
Editor: David R. Smith, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, % Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, D.C. 20560.
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This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 1-35
A PICTORIAL GUIDE TO THE SPECIES OF ENCARSIA (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) PARASITIC ON WHITEFLIES (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
MICHAEL E. SCHAUFF, GREGORY A. EVANS, AND JOHN M. HERATY
(MES, JMH) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, % National Museum of Natural History, MRC 168, Washing- ton, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. (GAE) Department of Nematology and Entomology, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
Abstract.—The 27 species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) occurring in North America (including Mexico) and attacking whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) are treat- ed. Each species is keyed and illustrated. A separate diagnosis, list of hosts, and summary
of distribution are provided.
Key Words: Biological Control, Aphelinidae, Aleyrodidae, Encarsia, parasite
Various species of whiteflies (Aleyrodi- dae) are among the most serious of agri- cultural pests, causing millions of dollars of damage each year to various crops. In 1991, one species (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) caused damage in excess of $500 million in the U.S. alone (Perring et al. 1993). Among the most common and effective parasitoids of whiteflies are para- sitic wasps in the genus Encarsia (Hyme- noptera: Aphelinidae). These tiny wasps are primary parasites of whitefly species as well as species of scale insects (Coccoidea). Worldwide, over 170 Encarsia species have been described (Hayat 1989). In spite of their abundance and usefulness, there are still very few well-illustrated keys and di- agnoses, and in North America, no recent identification aids exist. Because of their small size, identification of the various spe- cies is difficult under even the best of cir- cumstances and requires the intervention of a specialist in aphelinid taxonomy.
In this paper, we treat the 27 species of Encarsia known to occur in North America that are parasitic on whiteflies. It is impor-
tant, therefore, to be reasonably sure that the species being keyed has been reared from a whitefly and not a scale insect. It is best if parasites are reared from individually segregated whitefly placed in small gel caps or some similar container. Several of these species were imported from various foreign countries into the region in prior biological control programs (e.g. E. lahorensis, Nguy- en and Sailer 1979; E. partenopea (= E. inaron), Gould et al. 1992). Importations are continuing against pests such as Bemi- sia argentifolii and at least one species has been recently introduced into the U.S. (E. lutea, J. Goolsby, pers. comm.). It is widely recognized that several undescribed species of Encarsia are extant in North America and that other species, described from areas such as the Caribbean and Central America, may be present here but have not yet been discovered. This paper represents a starting point from which to continue our discovery and study of this important part of the fau- na.
This pictorial key has been designed for non-specialists having limited access to col-
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Key to Encarsia Parasitic on Whiteflies in North America
Pronotum
Mesoscutum
Mesosoma Axilla (thorax)
Scutellum
Metasoma
Midtarsus 4-segmented
Go to Couplet 2A
2A
Forewing with an asetose area under stigmal vein.
Go to Couplet 5
Pedicel
Soo. STS SS
1B Midtarsus
5-segmented
Go to Couplet 2B
2B Forewing with an asetose area under
te
Go to Couplet 10
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
3A Body mostly yellow except head
and anterior thorax.
Encarsia nigricephala Dozier
4A
Body mostly dark brown except scutellum; female antenna with F1 about equal to F2.
Encarsia quaintancei Howard
3B Body mostly dark brown except scutellum and/or median metasoma.
Go to Couplet 4
4B Body mostly dark brown to brown except median areas of thorax and anterior
metasoma; female antenna with F1 about 1/2 length of F2.
Encarsia cubensis Gahan
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
5A Body mostly yellow or orange-yellow.
Encarsia meritoria Gahan
6A
Scutellum yellow; metasoma laterally dark.
Encarsia variegata Howard
7A
Occiput usually dark; reticulations on thorax without internal striations; number of cells along longitudinal axis of axilla usually more than 6. Males rare.
Encarsia formosa Gahan
5B Body except metasoma
mostly dark.
Go to Couplet 6
6B Body except metasoma
mostly dark.
Go to Couplet 7
7B Occiput usually orange hued; reticulations on thorax with internal striations; number of cells along longitudinal axis of axilla usually less than 6. Males common.
Encarsia luteola Howard
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
8A
Midlobe of mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae; metasoma either pale or with at least a pale band medially.
9A
Body almost entirely yellow, there may be
some small brown areas ventrally.
Encarsia americana (DeBach & Rose)
8B Midlobe of mesoscutum with more than 2 pairs of setae; metasoma mostly dark.
Encarsia pergandiella Howard
9B
Body with darkened area on anterior thorax, axillae, and anterior and posterior metasoma.
Encarsia basicincta Gahan
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
10A Ovipositor as long as the metasoma and distinctly exserted beyond tip; often covered dorsally by the enlarged last metasomal
tergum which is longer than wide. (Note: this character can be difficult to assess accurately. If uncertain, proceed both ways.)
Go to Couplet 11
11A
Scutellum with median sensilla separated by more than 2X their own diameter.
Go to Couplet 13
10B Ovipositor shorter than metasoma; not or only slightly exserted beyond tip; last metasomal tergum not enlarged and wider than long.
Go to Couplet 15
11B
Scutellum with median sensilla close together (less than 2X their own diameter).
Go to Couplet 12
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
12A
Body mostly dark except for parts of mesoscutum and scutellum yellow
Encarsia portoricensis (Howard)
13A
Terminal valve of sheaths 1/2 length of hind tibia.
Encarsia townsendi Howard
12B Body uniformly yellow.
Encarsia protransvena Viggiani
13B
Terminal valve of sheaths less than 1/2 length of hind tibia.
Go to Couplet 14
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
14A 14B
Entire metasoma dark, including last tergum; mesosoma with only scutellum yellow .
Anterior metasoma and last tergum yellow; much of dorsal mesosoma also yellow.
Encarsia opulenta Silvestri Encarsia clypealis (Silvestri)
15A 15B
Scutellum with median sensilla
far apart (more than 2X at eee Scutellum with median sensilla
close together (less than 2X their own diameter).
Go to Couplet 19 Go to Couplet 16
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
16A
Body with at least some darkened areas on
thorax or metasoma; forewing infuscate below marginal vein.
Go to Couplet 17
Color restricted mostly to dark band on metasoma; antennal club 3-segmented.
Encarsia citrella (Howard)
16B
Body entirely yellow or with only small light-brown areas (lutea sometimes with first 2 metasomal terga light brown); forewing hyaline under marginal vein.
Go to Couplet 18
17B
Most of body dark; antennal club 2-segmented or club not obvious.
Encarsia quercicola (Howard)
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
18A Metasoma with two pair of setae medial to cercus; forewing with normal setae near posterior margin; sculpture between ocelli reticulate.
Encarsia strenua (Silvestri)
19A
Terminal valvulae of ovipositor dark brown in contrast to yellow color of rest of body.
Encarsia lutea (Masi)
18B
Metasoma with one pairs of setae medial to cercus; forewing with patch of longer, coarse setae near posterior margin; sculpture between ocelli striate.
Encarsia transvena (Timberlake)
19B
Terminal valvulae of ovipositor same color as rest of body.
Go to Couplet 20
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
20A Mesoscutum with more than 2 pairs of setae; anterior scutellar setae about as large as posterior pair; posterior margin of forewing with scattered setae.
pe Ore Sx 470 Toe
ZgT 7 QD LOLS (LF Bee
Go to Couplet 21
21A
Entire body dark brown except for small yellow band on anterior metasoma.
Encarsia coquilletti Howard
11
20B Mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae; anterior scutellar setae small, not much longer than width of sensillae, much smaller than posterior pair; posterior margin of forewing with area lacking setae.
Encarsia lahorensis (Howard)
21B
At least scutellum or metasoma and often other parts of body yellow or white.
Go to Couplet 22
12
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
22A
Head and thorax (and anterior margin of metasoma) entirely dark brown, contrasting with yellow metasoma.
Encarsia inaron (Walker)
23A
Funicles 1 and 2 small (each only about as long as wide) and together about equal in length to F3.
eee J
Encarsia merceti Silvestri
22B
At least scutellum and often posterior margin of mesoscutum and median propodeum yellow; metasoma usually at least partly dark.
Go to Couplet 23
23B
F2 longer than F1, together F1 & F2 noticeably longer than F3.
aay 3
Go to Couplet 24
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
24A
Ovipositor short, only about 1/4 length of metasoma; body black except for scutellum.
Encarsia peltata (Cockerell)
25A
Forewing lightly infuscate below marginal vein; mesoscutum generally orange to whitish and scutellum whitish.
Encarsia smithi (Silvestri)
24B Ovipositor longer, from 1/2 to about equal length of metasoma; body lighter, usually brown except for scutellum or scutellum and surrounding areas of mesosoma.
SC Go to Couplet 25
25B
Forewing hyaline; mesoscutum mostly dark brown except at lateral edges, scutellum white or yellow.
33 SSSER SSS SLES SS ESESS
Encarsia divergens (Silvestri)
13
14
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
[LIL EA AAAS A / Za 74 Z 2 a 7 7 > 9 AG Ly, 4.5 a Z / 7 > ZS 4 PLE 7 Re ca ag YW ad at 4 a Se 4 7 B Oy L 27 me a Lng P BE OPE 2 EU ae es, = AN ort, 7 o 7 2/7 CDCI We? Yi ahs oe = PEL NSS, Zap PVE Fis Se ad. 4c SS ~~~ i 3 ~~... Dn AO, eT ies oN <= eas Ro — . aS GO? - 2 8ee BOOS AL COR as iS = wy - oe ens Pep 2° ak 0 aN acne pay --_ COS Ff pane ape a epee Ge Ls =- = eat nla CN CRIT a =~ Can RTs S =~ =e YS <= 5 Sierra Te
Figs. 1-9. 1, Habitus, Encarsia americana. 2, Female antenna, E. americana. 3, Forewing, E. americana.
4, Habitus, E. basicincta. 5, Forewing,
8, Female antenna, E. citrella. 9, Forewing, E. citrella. Note: Habitus
E. basicincta. 6, Female antenna, E. basicincta. 7, Habitus, E. citrella.
drawings indicate general coloration
patterns and may not accurately reflect body proportions.
lections and literature. It is intended to key out female specimens, but males will some- times key through the same couplets. Spe- cial characters of males are also noted in
the species diagnosis. However, given that males are not known for some species, con- structing a key for that sex is problematic at this time. Accurate identification of most
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
species requires use of slide mounted spec- imens and a compound microscope. The dorsal habitus illustrations have been sim- plified and somewhat stylized to portray ba- sic information about color patterns. They are not meant accurately to reflect specific characters (e.g. the relative length of the metasoma to the mesosoma). When specific characters are used, separate illustrations are provided. Caution should be used in as- sessing color patterns since they are known to show variation. We have tried to take this into consideration. While it would be un- likely to find all yellow specimens of a pre- dominantly dark colored species it is more likely that a species portrayed as having only a yellow scutellum might also show light brown coloration on adjoining scle- rites. Males, in particular, tend to be more darkly colored than females.
This document is available on diskette in Portable Document Format for Windows and Macintosh from the senior author.
Common names used in the text are from Stoetzel (1989).
Encarsia americana (DeBach and Rose) (Figs. 1-3)
Aleurodiphilus americanus DeBach and Rose 1981: 660.
Diagnosis: Body mostly yellow (Fig. 1), except for some small ventral brown areas; midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing with ase- tose area under stigmal vein (Fig. 3); Fl conspicuously shorter than F2 (Fig. 2); mesoscutal midlobe with only 2 pairs of se- tae (as in Fig. 28). This species is very sim- ilar to basicincta, which shares the presence of only two pairs of mesoscutal setae. How- ever, basicincta has pronounced areas of dark coloration on the metasoma and some color on the pronotum and axillae (Fig. 4). E. americana is uniformly yellowish.
This species is most similar to basicincta and pergandiella (which were also previ- ously placed in Aleurodiphilus by DeBach and Rose 1981). It is easily separated from those two species by the almost entirely
15
yellow body (body with dark markings on mesosoma and metasoma in basicincta and pergandiella).
Hosts: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolly whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (CA), Mexico. Also recorded from Brazil, Honduras, Puerto Rico, and El Salvador.
Encarsia basicincta Gahan (Figs. 4—6)
Encarsia basicincta Gahan 1927: 20.
Diagnosis: Body mostly yellow, except for dark-brown band on anterior metasoma and some faint coloration on anterior me- sosoma (Fig. 4); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing narrow, with asetose area adjacent to stigmal vein (Fig. 5), marginal fringe nearly equal in length to width of wing; Fl conspicuously shorter than F2 (Fig. 6). Males unknown.
This species is most similar to pergan- diella and americana. E. pergandiella has an inverted triangular infuscation on the mesoscutum (mesoscutum uniformly yel- low except at anterior margin in basicincta and wholly yellow in americana); meta- soma uniformly yellow in americana (with anterior brown band in basicincta); Fl subequal in length to F2 (F1 noticeably shorter than F2 in bascicinta and ameri- cana); and mesoscutum with more than 2 pairs of setae in pergandiella (only 2 pairs in basicincta).
Hosts: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolly whitefly), Tetraleurodes ursorum (Cockerell).
Distribution: U.S. (FL).
Encarsia citrella (Howard) (Figs. 7—9)
Prospaltella citrella Howard 1908: 282.
Diagnosis: Body mostly yellow, except for brown stripes on middle of metasoma (Fig. 7); mid tarsus 5-segmented; forewing without asetose area adjacent to stigmal vein and with a lightly infuscate area under marginal vein (Fig. 9); antennal club 3-seg-
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
mented (Fig. 8); scutellar sensilla only sep- arated about 2 their diameter or less (as in Fig. 70).
This species is quite distinct among the species treated here but might be confused with either strenua or transvena, both of which, however have mostly yellow bod- ies and lack any infuscation on the fore- wing. The brown stripes on the metasoma of citrella set it apart from these two spe- cies.
Hosts: Aleuroplatus coronata (Quaint- ance); A. liquidambaris Russell (cited as A. elemerae Mound and Halsey); Bemisia ar- gentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly).
Distribution: US (AZ, CA, FL).
Encarsia clypealis (Silvestri) (Figs. 10-12)
Prospaltella clypealis Silvestri 1927: 20.
Diagnosis: Body generally brown to dark brown except for scutellum (Fig. 10); mid- tarsus 5 segmented; forewing without ase- tose area at stigmal vein (Fig. 11); antenna with Fl quadrate, much shorter than F2 (Fig. 12); ovipositor appearing to be dis- tinctly exserted beyond tip of metasoma, last metasomal tergum as long as wide and dark. This species is most similar to opu- lenta, which also has the ovipositor distinct- ly exserted beyond the tip of the metasoma. It can be differentiated from opulenta by color of the body (much of mesosoma and anterior gaster lightly colored in opulenta as well as last metasomal tergum).
Hosts: Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (citrus blackfly).
Distribution: U.S. (FL), Mexico. Origi- nally described from Vietnam and known from much of southeast Asia.
Encarsia coquilletti Howard (Figs. 13, 14)
Encarsia coquilletti Howard 1895: 29.
Diagnosis: Body entirely brown to dark brown except for small transverse yellow
area on anterior metasoma (Fig. 13); mid- tarsus 5-segmented; forewing without ase- tose area at stigmal vein (Fig. 14); ovipos- itor not obviously exserted beyond tip of metasoma; scutellar sensilla separated more than 2—3X their diameter (as in Figs. 25, 28). This species is fairly distinctive be- cause it is almost entirely dark colored (in- cluding the sctuellum). The other species which share most of the characters above have at least either the scutellum or most of the metasoma yellow or white (e.g. formo- sa, inaron, luteola).
Hosts: Aleyrodes sp.
Distribution: U.S. (CA, ID, AZ, WA).
Encarsia cubensis Gahan (Figs. 15-17)
Encarsia cubensis Gahan 1931: 121.
Diagnosis: Body mostly dark colored ex- cept scutellum and anteromedian metasoma (Fig. 15); midtarsus 4-segmented; forewing with asetose area around stigmal vein (Fig. 16); Fl of antenna short, less than % length of F2 (Fig. 17). This species is most similar to quaintancei except that the latter species has a uniformly dark metasoma and F1 of the female antenna is subequal to F2.
Hosts: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolley whitefly) (also cited as A. howardi (Quaintance), a junior synonym).
Distribution: U.S. (FL). Also recorded from the Caribbean and Brazil.
Encarsia divergens (Silvestri) (Figs. 18-21)
Prospaltella divergens Silvestri 1926: 182.
Diagnosis: Body generally light brown except for the posterior mesoscutum and scutellum, which are orangish or yellow (Fig. 18); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing hyaline without asetose area at stigmal vein (Fig. 19); ovipositor not obviously exserted beyond tip of metasoma (Fig. 21); scutellar sensilla separated more than 2—3X their di- ameter (as in Fig. 25); Fl short, F2 about 2.5X as long as Fl (Fig. 20). In some spec- imens, the midlobe of the mesoscutum is
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1 17
oo oe eZ =< ee,
A a SEE - = = KL See eS SS Nari Maa Sees SS > = 4 ~ ~—— -—_—_—_~ = SS
QS eae
WZ
eget e e c0ete
4 v7 CaaS NS NR SG
OSS
a SS So oN ~ ON ~
— nN ~ =
~~ Sey
of 000 ES ca oe Chel ees -, a ta JL zea Hs 2% 22e Sete 70 Of FZ ee = - = POG gn! CON ea a ats) A = =e s 2 C7 iG Ap RRL Vie fe oe a eal Tl 0 a ny ees oe “eZ / 7 = = SQ OCR BES SSeS a ea NING Shoes
SN. Snes — == NS
16
17
15
Figs. 10-17. 10, Habitus, Encarsia clypealis. 11, Forewing, E. clypealis. 12, Female antenna, E. clypealis. 13, Habitus, E. coquilletti. 14, Forewing, E. coquilletti. 15, Habitus, E. cubensis. 16, Forewing, E. cubensis. 17, Female antenna, E. cubensis. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately
reflect body proportions.
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Decree fe CO rere,
ae Kes 2 Ge° EO? Spee Se Og 92 Dog. CFOS BS Ll OD Gees. EY. 0G Fes ee Z vf Bo GE Rie SE Cop PON fo Ge Blane LE 740d YO EAS Pe aCe 1 Loyd fy ee OS ONY QED) OG GI259 EF ee TLE if ‘7 | | yy 44 seis ee CS Co ney 8 ail oO ae So ed a ae lan W744 Pea = — Wt gst yy ae re 44, ¢0G0 ] VEL OT Sia t eI yA a
FO eee pe ce ——<—<——————
2 5 Scutellar sensillae
Figs. 18-26. 18, Habitus, Encarsia divergens. 19, Forewing, E. divergens. 20, Female antenna, E. divergens. 21, Metasoma, E. divergens. 22, Habitus, E. formosa. 23, Forewing, E. formosa. 24, Female antenna, E. formosa. 25, Dorsal mesosoma, E. formosa. 26, Habitus, E. inaron. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration
patterns and may not accurately reflect other proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
brown, contrasting with the yellow scutel- lum. This species is very similar to smithi. It can be separated from that species by the hyaline front wing (infuscate under vena- tion in smithi), the coloration of the meta- soma (very dark brown to black in smithi) and the relative lengths of Fl to F2 (F2 about 2X as long as F1 in smithi).
Hosts: Aleurocanthus citriperdus Quaint- ance and Baker, A. longispinus Quaintance and Baker, A. spiniferus (Quaintance) (or- ange spiny whitefly), A. woglumi Ashby (citrus blackfly).
Distribution: Mexico, Cuba. Originally described from Indonesia, and also known from India and Singapore.
Encarsia formosa Gahan (Figs. 22—25)
Encarsia formosa Gahan 1924: 14.
Diagnosis: Head (except antennae) and mesosoma brown to black, metasoma pale yellowish except at anterior edge (Fig. 22); midtarsus 4-segmented; forewing uniformly setose around stigmal vein (Fig. 23); dis- tance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their diameter; number of reticulate cells along long axis of axilla usually more than 6; interior of mesoscutal areolae gen- erally without fine striations (Fig. 25); an- tenna with Fl subequal to F2 (Fig. 24). Males uncommon (this species is usually uniparental); similar to the female, but with the metasoma dark. When present, males are very similar to those of luteola except for the following: scutellum dark (pale in luteola), funicle about 2.4 as long as wide (only about 2X as long as wide in luteola). Like the females, they lack fine striations within the interior of the mesoscutal areo- lae.
The characters that have been used to dif- ferentiate formosa and luteola have been shown to vary, and it is possible that the two species represent only population dif- ferences among one widespread species. However, because no formal synonymy has been published, we have kept the two spe-
19
cies separate. There is also some evidence (A. Polaszek, pers. comm.) that males of these two species possess additional char- acter differences (males of formosa are rare, but not unknown, unlike luteola in which males are common) and this may indicate that there are indeed two species.
Hosts: Aleuroglandulus malangae Rus- sell, Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back), Al- eyrodes lonicerae Walker, A. proletella (L.), A. spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia argen- tifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. ta- baci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Crenidorsum sp., Dialeurodes chittendeni Laing (rhododendron whitefly), D. citri (Ashmead) (citrus whitefly), Tetra- leurodes mori (Quaintance) (mulberry whitefly), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Hal- deman) (bandedwinged whitefly), T. vapor- ariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly), T. variabilis (Quaintance).
Distribution: Widespread throughout North America. Has been introduced into many areas of the world for biological con- trol.
Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Fig. 26)
Aphelinus inaron Walker 1839: 10. Aphelinus idaeus Walker 1839: 10. Encarsia partenopea Masi 1909: 32. Trychaporus aleyrodis Mercet 1930: 196.
Diagnosis: Head and mesosoma dark brown, metasoma yellow (sometimes with light infuscation laterally) (Fig. 26); mid- tarsus 5-segmented; forewing uniformly se- tose around stigmal vein (as in Fig. 23); distance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their diameter; female antennal club 2-segmented. This species is similar in body color to formosa and luteola (both with midtarsus 4-segmented) with a light metasoma contrasting with dark head and mesosoma. This color pattern also separates it from other similar species such as co- quilletti (metasoma mostly dark) and mer- ceti or peltata (at least scutellum lightly colored).
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Zi)
Sil
29 BZ Figs. 27-32.
27, Habitus, Encarsia lahorensis. 28, Dorsal mesosoma, E. lahorensis. 29, Habitus, E. lutea.
30, Metasoma, E. lutea. 31, Female antenna, E. lutea. 32, Male antenna, E. lutea. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately reflect other proportions.
Hosts: Acaudaleyrodes citri (Priesner and Hosny), Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker, A. proletella, A. singularis Danzig, Astero- bemisia carpini (Koch), A. paveli (Zahrad- nik), Bemisia argentifolii (sweetpotato whitefly) (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994), Bemisia sp., Bulgarialeurodes cote- sit (Maskell), Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger), S. phillyreae (Haliday), Trialeu- rodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (green- house whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, FL), introduced. Europe, Africa, Asia.
Encarsia lahorensis (Howard) (Figs. 27, 28)
Prospaltella lahorensis Howard 1911: 132.
Diagnosis: Body uniformly yellow (Fig. 27); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing with- out asetose area under stigmal vein; meso- scutum with 2 pairs of setae (Fig. 28); scu- tellar sensilla separated more than 2X their diameter, setae laterad of sensilla reduced. This species is distinctive because of the reduced anterior scutellar setae, but might be confused with strenua or transvena
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
which are also uniformly yellow. However, those two species have the scutellar sensilla close together and the setae laterad of the sensilla are of normal size.
Hosts: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, Di- aleurodes citri (Ashmead) (citrus whitefly), D. citrifolii (Morgan) (cloudywinged white- fly), D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Kirkaldy whitefly). Also possibly a parasite of Tri- aleurodes ricini (Misra).
Distribution: U.S. (AL, AR, CA, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX). Also recorded from India, Israel, Italy, and Pakistan.
Encarsia lutea (Masi) (Figs. 29-32) Prospaltella lutea Masi 1909: 25.
Diagnosis: Body uniformly yellow ex- cept for black terminal valvulae (Fig. 30); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing without asetose area around stigmal vein; scutellar sensilla separated more than 2% their di- ameter; Fl quadrate and shorter than F2 (Fig. 31); ovipositor about half length of metasoma, third valvulae (terminal sheaths) dark in contrast to rest of body. The distinct coloration of the terminal valvulae sets this species apart from all others in North America.
Males of E. lutea have the first 3 funic- ular segments enlarged and club-like (Fig. 32).
Hosts: This species is very polyphagous and has been recorded from a large number of hosts including Acuadaleyrodes citri (Preisner and Hosny), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (West- wood) (greenhouse whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (TX). Recorded from most other regions of the world.
Notes: E. lutea was released for the first time in the U.S. in Texas in 1995 (J. Gools- by, pers. comm.).
Encarsia luteola Howard (Figs. 33, 34) Encarsia luteola Howard 1895: 29. Encarsia angelica Howard 1895: 30.
21
Encarsia deserti Gerling and Rivnay 1984: 439.
Diagnosis: Head with occiput dark or- ange, rest of head (except antennae) and mesosoma dark brown to black, metasoma pale yellowish (Fig. 33); midtarsus 4-seg- mented; forewing uniformly setose around stigmal vein; distance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their diameter; in- terior of mesoscutal areolae with fine stri- ations (Fig. 34). Males common (this spe- cies is usually biparental). Similar to the fe- male, but with the scutellum pale. Males are very similar to those of formosa except with funicles about 2.0 as long as wide (about 2.4X as long as wide in formosa). Like the females, they have fine striations within the interior of the mesoscutal areo- lae.
Hosts: Aleyrodes sp., Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Dialeurodes sp., Aleurocybotus occiduus Russell, Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Halde- man) (bandedwinged whitefly), 7. ferrnaldi (Morill), 7. packardi (Morill) (strawberry whitefly), 7. vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly), 7. variabilis (Quaint- ance).
Distribution: U.S. (AZ, CA, CT, FL, MS, PA, DC). Also occurs in Central and South America and has been introduced into Is- rael.
Encarsia merceti Silvestri (Figs. 35-38)
Encarsia merceti Silvestri 1926: 187.
Diagnosis: Body mostly dark brown ex- cept yellow on vertex, scutellum (Fig. 35), and occasionally posterior mesoscutum; midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing without asetose area under stigmal vein, infuscate under marginal vein (Fig. 36); scutellar sen- silla separated by more than 2X their own diameter; antenna with Fl and F2 small (quadrate) (Fig. 37); combined approxi- mately equalling length of F3. This species is similar to smithi from which it may be
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 33-40. 33, Habitus, Encarsia luteola. 34, Dorsal mesosoma, E. luteola. 35, Habitus, E. merceti. 36, Forewing, E. merceti. 37, Anterior portion of female antenna, E. merceti. 38, First funicular segment of male, E. merceti. 39, Habitus, E. meritoria. 40, Forewing, E. meritoria. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately reflect other proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
separated by the length of F2 (F2 about 2X as long as F1 in smithi and F1 and F2 about equal in merceti). E. merceti might also be confused with peltata which is also mostly dark bodied. However, the forewing of pel- tata shows no infuscation under the mar- ginal vein and does not have the smaller quadrate Fl and F2 present in merceti.
Males of FE. merceti have a distinctive en- larged sensillum on the first funicular seg- ment that extends, balloon-like, from the end of the segment (Fig. 38).
Hosts: Aleurocanthus citriperdus Quaint- ance and Baker, A. spiniferus (Quaintance), A. woglumi Ashby (citrus blackfly).
Distribution: Mexico, Cuba, Asia.
Encarsia meritoria Gahan (Figs. 39, 40)
Encarsia meritoria Gahan 1927: 19. Encarsia hispida DeSantis 1948: 45.
Diagnosis: Body uniformly orange or or- ange yellow (Fig. 39); midtarsus 4-seg- mented; forewing uniformly setose around stigmal vein (Fig. 40); distance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their di- ameter (as in Fig. 25). Among the group of species with 4-segmented midtarsi and no asetose area under the stigmal vein, meri- toria is the only one that is mostly yellow bodied. The others (variegata, formosa, lu- teola) have extensive areas of the mesoso- ma brown to dark brown.
Hosts: Aleuroglandulus malangae Rus- sell, Aleurothrixus porteri Quaintance and Baker, Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Dialeurodes sp., Si- phoninus phillyreae Haliday, Tetraleurodes acaciae (Quaintance), Trialeurodes abuti- loneus (Haldeman) (bandedwinged white- fly), 7. floridensis (Quaintance) (avocado whitefly), T. vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly), 7. variabilis (Quaint- ance).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, FL). Also occurs in Mexico and Central and South America.
23
Notes: Encarsia hispida was first syn- oymized with meritoria by Viggiani (1989) and then resurrected by Polaszek et al. (1992). We now believe that the original synonymization was correct and have com- bined the two names.
Encarsia nigricephala Dozier (Figs. 41-44)
Encarsia nigricephala Dozier 1937: 129.
Diagnosis: Head and anterior mesoscu- tum dark brown (Fig. 41), rest of body yel- low; midtarsus 4-segmented; F1 shorter than pedicel and club 3-segmented (Fig. 42); forewing with asetose area under stig- mal vein (Fig. 43); mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae (Fig. 44); distance between scutellar sensilla more than 2X diameter of sensilla. The dark head and anterior meso- scutum contrasting with the pale color of the rest of the body in combination with the 4-segmented midtarsi and asetose area on the forewing, make the female readily rec- ognizable from other Encarsia species.
Males have the 1st and 2nd funicular seg- ments enlarged and with large rounded sen- silla. Likewise, the strangely swollen Ist and 2nd funicles of the male make it readily recognizable (male quaintancei also have Fl and F2 enlarged, but that species has 3— 4 pairs of mesoscutal setae and male lutea have the first 3 funicles enlarged).
Hosts: Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly); Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) (bandedwinged whitefly), 7. floridensis (Quaintance) (avo- cado whitefly), 7. vaporariorum (West- wood) (greenhouse whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (FL, GA, TX). Also widespread in Mexico and Central and South America.
Encarsia opulenta Silvestri (Fig. 45)
Encarsia opulenta Silvestri 1928: 30.
Diagnosis: Area around ocelli, posterior mesoscutum, scutellum, anterior and pos-
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
46
Figs. 41-48. 41, Habitus, Encarsia nigricephala. 42, Female antenna, E. nigricephala. 43, Forewing, E. nigricephala. 44, Dorsal mesosoma, E. nigricephala. 45, Habitus, E. opulenta. 46, Habitus, E. peltata. 47, Female antenna, E. peltata. 48, Metasoma, E. peltata. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and
may not accurately reflect body proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
terior tip of metasoma yellow, rest of body brown (Fig. 45); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing uniformly setose around stigmal vein; distance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their diameter (as in Fig. 25); Ovipositor appearing distinctly exsert- ed, last metasomal tergite as long as wide. This species is most similar to clypealis which shares the elongated last gastral ter- gum and ovipositor appearing exserted. However, clypealis differs from opulenta in being almost uniformly dark colored except for the yellow scutellum (Fig. 10).
Hosts: Aleurocanthis citriperdus Quaint- ance and Baker, A. spiniferus (Quaintance), A. woglumi Ashby (citrus blackfly).
Distribution: U.S. (FL, TX), Mexico, Cuba. Also Asia, Pakistan.
Encarsia peltata (Cockerell) (Figs. 46-48)
Mimatomus peltatus Cockerell 1911: 464.
Diagnosis: Body dark brown to black with yellow scutellum (Fig. 46); midtarsus 5-segmented; forewing without asetose area under stigmal vein; antenna with F2 longer than Fl (Fig. 47); scutellar sensilla separat- ed by more than 2X their own diameter and scutellum with 2 pairs of equal sized setae (as in Fig. 25); ovipositor short, less than % length of metasoma (Fig. 48). This species is similar to merceti, townsendi, and diver- gens. It is unusual in that it has a very short Ovipositor compared to the other species (ovipositor usually at least half as long as metasoma and often as long as metasoma). Also, in most of the other species other parts of the mesosoma beside the scutellum are lighter colored than the surrounding dark areas.
Hosts: Aleyrodes pruniosus Bemis (cited as A. pruinosa euphorbianum Cockerell).
Distribution: U.S. (CA).
Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Figs. 49-51)
Encarsia pergandiella Howard 1907: 78. Encarsia versicolor Girault 1908: 53.
ws)
Encarsia bemisiae DeSantis 1981: 37.
Encarsia tabacivora Viggiani 1985: 82 (as replacement name for bemisiae De- Santis).
Diagnosis: Body largely yellow except for pronotum, inverted triangular brown spot in central mesonotum and larger area on metasoma (Fig. 49); midtarsus 5-seg- mented; forewing narrow, with asetose area adjacent to stigmal vein (Fig. 51), marginal fringe about % wing width and membrane of wing generally lightly infuscated beneath venation; Fl about equal in length to F2 (Fig. 50). Males similar to females, with tri- angular mesonotal spot usually more heavi- ly infuscated and axillae and metasoma dark brown. This species is most similar to basicincta. In that species, there is no tri- angular spot on the mesonotum (mesono- tum uniformly yellow), and F1 is shorter than F2. Males of basicincta are unknown.
Hosts: Aleyrodes sp., Aleurodicus disper- sus Russell, Aleuroglandulus malangae Russell, Aleuroplatus coronata (Back), A. elemerae Mound and Halsey, Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolly whitefly), Aleu- rotrachelus trachoides (Quaintance), Be- misia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (citrus whitefly), D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Kirkaldy whitefly), Trialeuor- des abutiloneus (Haldeman) (banded- winged whitefly), 7. floridensis (Quaint- ance) (avocado whitefly), T. vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly), T. var- iabilis (Quaintance).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, DC, FL, GA, IL, MA, NY, PA, SC, TX). Also occurs in Mexico, most of Central and South Amer- ica, and has been introduced into Italy.
Encarsia portoricensis Howard (Fig. 52)
Encarsia portoricensis Howard 1907: 77.
Diagnosis: Body with head orange brown, pronotum, anterior mesocutum, an- terior axillae, propodeum and metasoma
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
50
GOs: EG Of ess = Cae > —_—— S SS =
Figs. 49-56. 49, Habitus, E. pergandiella. 50, Female antenna, E. pergandiella. 51, Forewing, E. pergan- diella. 52, Habitus, E. portoricensis. 53, Habitus, E. protransvena. 54, Forewing, E. protransvena. 55, Metasoma, E. protransvena. 56, Female antenna, E. protransvena. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration pat- terns and may not accurately reflect body proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
brown, posterior mesoscutum, scutellum and posterior axillae yellow (Fig. 52); mid- tarsus 5-segmented; forewing without ase- tose spot near stigmal vein; scutellar sen- silla round and separated slightly less than 2X their own diameter (as in Fig. 69); ovi- positor as long as metasoma and slightly exserted. This species is very similar to townsendi. It can be separated from that species by the color of the mesosoma (townsendi has only the scutellum yellow) and the separation of the scutellar sensilla (sensilla separated about 3.5 their own di- ameter in townsendi).
Host: Aleyrodes sp., Aleurodicus antil- lensis Dozier.
Distribution: Mexico and Puerto Rico.
Notes: In his original description, How- ard (1907) noted that he had a specimen of this species from Mexico (the types were from Puerto Rico). I have been unable to find this specimen in the USNM collection and this diagnosis is based upon the Puerto Rican specimens. Some specimens collect- ed by Dozier (USNM) have the posterior metasoma fading to yellow and the head lighter orange than the types.
Encarsia protransvena Viggiani (Figs. 53-56)
Encarsia protransvena Viggiani 1985: 89.
Diagnosis: Body yellow in color (Fig. 53). Mid tarsi 5-segmented; forewing with- Out an asetose area under the stigmal vein, membrane without infuscation below mar- ginal vein and without lengthened setae along posterior wing margin (Fig. 54); scu- tellar sensilla close together, separated by less than 2X their diameter (as in Fig. 69); antenna with 3-segmented club (Fig. 56); Ovipositor about as long as metasoma and appearing exserted (Fig. 55). This species is very similar to strenua. However, the Ovipositor in protransvena is much longer (about equal to the length of the metasoma and appearing to be exserted) than in stren- ua (about % length of metasoma and not appearing exserted).
27
Hosts: Aleurolobus subrotundus Silves- tri, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (citrus whitefly), D. citrifolii (Morgan) (cloudy- winged whitefly), D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Kirkaldy whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (FL), Puerto Rico.
Notes: Several specialists believe that this species is the same as Encarsia armata (Silvestri), a species known only from Vi- etnam. However, to date no synonymy of the two names has been published.
Encarsia quaintancei Howard (Figs. 57—60)
Encarsia quaintancei Howard 1907: 79. Prospaltella perspicuipennis Girault 1910: 234.
Diagnosis: Generally dark brown con- trasting with bright-yellow scutellum (Fig. 57); midtarsus 4-segmented; forewing with asetose area around stigmal vein (Fig. 59); antenna with Fl and F2 subequal (Fig. 60); mesoscutum with 3 or 4 pairs of setae (Fig. 58). This species is most similar to cubensis but can be separated by the color of the metasoma (large anterior yellow spot in cubensis) and the antenna (F1 only about % as long as F2 in cubensis).
Male with F1 and F2 enlarged, F2 with rounded sensory structures. Males of this species are very similar to males of nigri- cephala, which also has the basal funicle segments enlarged. E. nigricephala males can be separated by the presence of only 2 pairs of mesoscutal setae (3-4 pairs in quaintancei) and F3 shorter than F2 (longer than F2 in quaintancei).
Hosts: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolly whitefly), Bemisia argentifolii Bel- lows and Perring (formerly B. tabaci (Bel- lows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Tr7- aleurodes abutlioneus (Haldeman) (band- edwinged whitefly), 7. packardi (Morill) (strawberry whitefly), Trialeurodes sp. Re- cords of this species from Aleyrodes sp. are probably erroneous.
Distribution: U.S. (DC, FL, IL, LA, MD,
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON |
J
SHE 4 Ce = = 7" ard Ssest ea Z — = en IE Com eels Ce Hs — ia --— -e- Fah OPED —— is pet = Ss SS BRL Se SO Qe ~—s - - a _— Bos eA RSS Ee S SS. Se See ~~~ = {=~ ~ > ~ ~~ I-— 3% — ~ > o> ~ ~~
Fox 59 Wh KX hy?
58 | 60
62
63
“~~ DSN 8 iN .' X ~
=
: -
. 5 tP, —
ar ~ =
9 ~~~ 65 SS.
gemergenic
Q
Figs. 57-66. 57, Habitus, E. quaintancei. 58, Dorsal mesosoma, E. quaintancei. 59, Forewing, E. quaintan- cei. 60, Female antenna, E. quaintancei. 61, Habitus, E. quercicola. 62, Forewing, E. quercicola. 63, Female antenna, E. quercicola. 64, Habitus, E. smithi. 65, Forewing, E. smithi. 66, Female antenna, E. smithi. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately reflect body proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
MS), Mexico, El Salvador, Venezuela, and the Caribbean.
Encarsia quercicola (Howard) (Figs. 61-63)
Prospaltella quercicola Howard 1908: 282.
Diagnosis: Body mostly dark brown ex- cept for yellow scutellum and surrounding area (Fig. 61); midtarsus 5-segmented; fore- wing without asetose area adjacent to stig- mal vein and with a lightly infuscate area under marginal vein (Fig. 62); antennal club 2-segmented (Fig. 63); scutellar sensilla only separated by about 2X their diameter or less (as in Fig. 69). This species is clos- est to citrella and can be separated by the first antennal funicle (subequal to F2 in quercicola but only % length of F2 in ci- trella) and body color (mostly yellow in ci- trella).
Hosts: Aleuroplatus coronata (Quaint- ance), A. gelatinosus (Cockerell).
Distribution: U.S. (CA).
Encarsia smithi (Silvestri) (Figs. 64-66)
Prospaltella smithi Silvestri 1926: 179.
Diagnosis: Head and most of mesosoma light brown, most of mesoscutum and scu- tellum orangish, propodeum and metasoma dark brown to black (Fig. 64); midtarsus 5- segmented; forewing without asetose area under stigmal vein, with light infuscation under marginal vein (Fig. 65); scutellar sen- silla separated by more than 2X their own diameter (as in Fig. 25); antenna with F1 about % length of F2 (Fig. 66); ovipositor not exserted beyond tip of abdomen. This species will key to near divergens which is very similar in coloration. However, diver- gens has no noticeable infuscation on the forewing and F2 of the antenna is longer (about 2.5X as long as F1).
Hosts: Aleurocanthus citriperdus Quaint- ance and Baker, A. spiniferus (Quaintance) (orange spiny whitefly), A. woglumi Ashby (citrus blackfly).
Distribution: Mexico, Cuba, Asia.
Bg)
Encarsia strenua (Silvestri) (Figs. 67—70)
Prospaltella strenua Silvestri 1927: 34.
Diagnosis: Body yellow (Fig. 67); mid- tarsus 5-segmented; forewing without an asetose area under the stigmal vein, mem- brane without infuscation below marginal vein and without lengthened setae along posterior wing margin (Fig. 68); scutellar sensilla separated by less than 2X their di- ameter, often nearly touching (Fig. 70); ver- tex with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 67); me- tasoma with 2 pairs of setae medially be- tween the cerci (Fig. 69); ovipositor only about half as long as metasoma and not ap- pearing exserted. This species is very sim- ilar to both transvena and protransvena. Encarsia protransvena can be separated by the longer ovipositor (about equal in length to the metasoma and appearing exserted be- yond the tip). E. transvena has striate sculp- turing on the vertex (difficult to assess in many specimens), only one pair of setae be- tween the cerci (Fig. 75), and a patch of elongated setae on the hind margin of the wing.
Hosts: B. argentifolii Bellows and Per- ring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Bemisia giffar- di (Kotinsky) (Giffard whitefly), Dialeuro- des citri (Ashmead) (citrus whitefly), D. ci- trifolii (Morgan) (cloudywinged whitefly), D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky) (Kirkaldy whitefly), Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill) (strawberry whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, FL). Puerto Rico, Honduras, Asia.
Notes: The limits of this group of species (strenua, transvena, or protransvena) are the subject of continuing debate and sepa- rating them can be difficult and requires properly cleared and mounted specimens. Some characters, such as the length of setae on the forewing require experience or ex- emplars of the other species for compari- son. Assessment of the sculpture of the ver- tex requires specimens mounted in the proper position. The most reliable character
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
\ OY
3S
JASNA
Ss
WN ANS
Figs. 67-77. 67, Habitus, Encarsia strenua. 68, Forewing, E. strenua. 69, Dorsal posterior metasoma, E. strenua. 70, Dorsal mesosoma, FE. strenua. 71, Habitus, E. townsendi. 72, Female antenna, E. townsendi. 73, metasoma, EF. townsendi. 74, Habitus, E. transvena. 75, Dorsal posterior metasoma, E. transvena. 76, Forewing, E. transvena. 77, Metasoma, E. transvena. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately reflect body proportions.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
31
Figs. 78-80. 78, Habitus, E. variegata. 79, Forewing, E. variegata. 80, Female antenna, E. variegata. Note: Habitus drawings indicate general coloration patterns and may not accurately reflect body proportions.
appears to be the number of setae between thescerci:
Encarsia townsendi Howard (Figs. 71—73)
Encarsia townsendi Howard 1907: 78.
Diagnosis: Body brown with yellowish scutellum (Fig. 71). Mid tarsi 5-segmented; forewing without asetose area under stigmal vein; antennae with F2 longer than F1 (Fig. 72); scutellar sensilla separated by about 3.5X their own diameter and scutellum with 2 pairs of equal-sized setae; ovipositor long, as long as metasoma and exserted (Fig. 73), terminal ovipositor sheaths about % length of midtibia. This species is very similar to E. portoricensis which shares the elongated terminal ovipositor sheaths of this species. It can be differentiated from that species by the color of the mesosoma (scutellum, pos- terior mesoscutum and part of axillae yel- low in portoricensis) and the separation of the scutellar sensilla (sensilla separated slightly less than 2X their own diameter in portoricensis).
Hosts: Aleyrodes sp.
Distribution: Mexico.
Encarsia transvena (Timberlake) (Figs. TE=TT)
Prospaltella transvena Timberlake 1926: 3
Prospaltella sublutea Silvestri 1931: 20.
Prospaltella flava Shafee 1973: 254 (preoc. by flavus Compere, 1936).
Encarsia shafeei Hayat 1989: 72 (replace- ment name for flava Shafee).
Prospaltella bemisiae Ishii 1938: 30.
Diagnosis: Body yellowish (Fig. 74); midtarsus 5-segmented; vertex with striate sculpture between ocelli (Fig. 74); forewing without asetose area under stigmal vein and with area of elongated setae near posterior edge of membrane (Fig. 76); antennae with F2 longer than F1; scutellar sensilla sepa- rated by less than 2X their own diameter, and scutellum with 2 pairs of equal sized setae; metasoma with a single pair of setae medially between the cerci (Fig. 75); ovi- positor only about half as long as metasoma and not appearing exserted (Fig. 77). This species is very similar to strenua and it can be very difficult to tell the two apart. The wing character (group of longer setae in transvena and shorter setae in strenua) can be difficult to assess without specimens of both species for comparison. The presence of only a single pair of setae between the cerci on the dorsal metasoma separates strenua (two pairs of setae between cerci) and the pattern of sculpture on the vertex seems reliable (striate in transvena and re- ticulate in strenua) but is also often difficult
Table 1.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Whitefly species
Acaudaleyrodes citri (Priesner and Hosny) Aleurocanthus citriperdus Quaintance and Baker
A. longispinus Quaintance and Baker A. spiniferus (Quaintance)
A. woglumi Ashby
Aleurocybotus occiduus Russell
Aleurocybotus indicus David and Subramaniam Aleurodes sp.
Aleurodicus antillensis Dozier
A. dispersus Russell
A. sp. Aleuroglandulus malangae Russell
Aleurolobus subrotundus Silvestri Aleuroplatus coronata (Quaintance)
A. gelatinosus (Cockerell)
A. elemerae Mound and Halsey A. liquidambaris Russell Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell)
A. porteri Quaintance and Baker Aleurotrachelus trachoides (Back) Aleyrodes lonicerae Walker
A. proletella (L.)
Aleyrodes pruniosus Bemis
A. singularis Danzig
A. spiraeoides Quaintance Aleyrodes sp.
Asterobemisia carpini (Koch) A. paveli (Zahradnik) Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring
Bemisia giffardi (Kotinsky) Bemisia sp.
inaron
Bulgarialeurodes cotesii (Maskell) Crenidorsum sp.
Dialeurodes chittendeni Laing
D. citri (Ashmead)
D. citrifolii (Morgan)
D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky)
List of whitefly species with North American Encarsia species that have been reared from them.
Encarsia species
inaron, lutea
divergens, merceti, opulenta, smithi
divergens
divergens, merceti, opulenta, smithi
clypealis, divergens, merceti, opulenta, smithi
luteola
transvena
townsendi
portoricensis
lahorensis, pergandiella, transvena
variegata
formosa, meritoria, pergandiella
protransvena
citrella, pergandiella, quercicola
quercicola
pergandiella
citrella
americana, basicincta, cubensis, pergandiella, quaintancei, variegata
meritoria
formosa, pergandiella
formosa, inaron
formosa, inaron
peltata
inaron
formosa, meritoria
coquilletti, luteola, pergandiella, portoricensis
inaron
inaron
citrella, formosa, inaron, lutea, luteola, nigricephala, pergandiella, quaintanceéi, strenua, transvena
strenua
inaron
formosa
formosa
formosa, lahorensis, pergandiella, protransvena, strenua
lahorensis, protransvena, strenua
lahorensis, pergandiella, protransvena, strenua
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Table 1. Continued.
a
Whitefly species
D. sp.
Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) Paraleyrodes perseae (Quaintance) P. naranjae (Quaintance)
Siphoninus immaculatus (Heeger)
S. phillyreae (Haliday) Tetraleurodes mori (Quaintance)
T. ursorum (Cockerell)
Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman)
T. ferrnaldi (Morill)
T. floridensis (Quaintance)
T. packardi (Morill)
T. ricini (Misra)
T. vaporariorum (Westwood)
T. variabilis (Quaintance)
T. sp.
Encarsia species
luteola, meritoria
transvena
variegata
variegata
inaron
inaron, meritoria
formosa
basicincta
formosa, luteola, nigricephala pergandiella, quaintancei
luteola
nigricephala, pergandiella
luteola, quaintancei, strenua
lahorensis (not confirmed)
formosa, inaron, lutea, luteola, nigricephala, pergandiella, transvena
formosa, luteola, pergandiella
quaintancei
to assess because in many mounted speci- mens the head is at the wrong angle or is incompletely cleared.
Hosts: Aleurocybotus indicus David and Subramaniam, Aleurodicus dispersus Rus- sell, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Per- ring (formerly B. tabaci (Bellows et al. 1994)) (silverleaf whitefly), Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana), Trialeurodes vapora- riorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, FL). Mexico and occurs over almost all of the Old World.
Encarsia variegata Howard (Figs. 78-80)
Encarsia variegata Howard 1908: 64.
Diagnosis: Head, mesoscutum and ante- rior scutellum dark brown; scutellum and metasoma (except laterally) yellow (Fig. 78); midtarsus 4-segmented; forewing uni- formly setose around stigmal vein (Fig. 79); distance between scutellar sensilla greater than 2X their diameter (as in Fig. 25), Fl only about % as long as F2 (Fig. 80). This Species is quite close to Juteola and formosa and can be separated by color (Juteola and
formosa have the entire mesosoma uniform- ly brown to dark brown).
Hosts: Aleurodicus sp., Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (woolly whitefly), Par- aleyrodes perseae (Quaintance), P. naran- jae (Quaintance) (plumeria whitefly).
Distribution: U.S. (CA, FL). Also occurs in the Caribbean and Mexico.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. Woolley and M. Rose (Taxas A&M University) for the loan of types of E. americana. S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Nakahara, R. Hodges and an anonymous re- viewer read the manuscript and provided many helpful suggestions and corrections. Tami Carlow and Alexander Konstantinov drew many of the illustrations. We are also grateful to USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, PPQ, Biological Control Laboratory, Mission, TX, and the National Biological Control Institute for providing funding for much of the work that resulted in the completion of this key.
LITERATURE CITED
Bellows, T. S., T. M. Perring, R. J. Gill, and D. H. Headrick. 1994. Description of a species of Be-
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
misia (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 195—206.
Cockerell, T. D. A. 1911. An Aleyrodes on Euphorbia and its parasite. Entomological News 22: 462— 464.
DeBach, P. and M. Rose. 1981. A new genus and species of Aphelinidae with some synonymies, a rediagnosis of Aspidiotiphagus and a key to pen- tamerous and heteromerous Prospaltellinae (Hy- menoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae). Proceed- ings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 658-679.
De Santis, L. 1948. Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Afelinidos (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). No- tas del Museo de la Plata, Zoologia 13: 43-48.
. 1981. Sobre dos especies de Encarsia (Hy- menoptera: Aphelinidae) del Brasil parasitoides de Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aleyrodidae). Re- vista Brasiliana Entomologia 25: 37-39.
Dozier, H. L. 1937. Description of miscellaneous chalcidoid parasites from Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 21: 121-135.
Gahan, A. B. 1924. Some new parasitic Hymenoptera with notes on several described forms. Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum 65: 1— 23.
. 1927. Miscellaneous descriptions of new par-
asitic Hymenoptera with some synonymical notes.
Proceedings of the United States National Muse-
um 65: 14-16.
. 1931. A new species of Encarsia from Cuba (Hymenoptera: Aphelininae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 33: 121— 122.
Girault, A. A. 1908. Encarsia versicolor species no- vum, an eulophid parasite of the greenhouse whitefly, Aleyrodes vaporariorum Westwood. Psy- che 15: 53-57.
1910. Synonymic and descriptive notes on the chalcidoid family Mymaridae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 18: 233-259.
Gerling, D. and T. Rivnay. 1984. A new species of Encarsia (Hym.: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Bemi- sia tabaci (Hom.: Aleyrodidae). Entomophaga 29: 439-444.
Gould, J. R., T. S. Bellows, and T. D. Paine. 1992. Evaluation of biological control of Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) by the parasitoid Encarsia partenopea (Walker), using life-table analysis. Bi- ological Control 2: 257-265.
Hayat, M. 1989. A revision of the species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India and adjacent countries. Oriental Insects 23: 1-131.
Howard, L. O. 1895. Revision of the Aphelininae of North America. United States Department of Ag- riculture Technical Series 1: 1-44.
. 1907. New genera and species of Aphelini-
dae with a revised table of genera. United States
Department of Agriculture Technical Series 12:
69-88.
1908. Key to the species of Prospalitella,
with table of hosts, and descriptions of four new
species. Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 1: 282-283.
. A note on the Indian enemies of Aleyrodes citri, with description of a new species of Pros- paltella. Journal of Economic Entomology 4: 130-132.
Ishii, T. 1938. Descriptions of six new species be- longing to the Aphelinidae from Japan. Kontyu 12: 27-32.
Masi, L. 1909. Contribuzioni all conoscenze dei Chal- cididi italiani. Bolletino del Laboratorio de Zool- ogia Generale e Agraria 4: 3-37.
Mercet, R. G. 1930. Afelinidos palearticos (Hym. Chalc.) 4, nota. Eos 6: 191-199.
Nguyen, R. and R. I. Sailer. 1979. Facultative hyper- parasitism and sex determination of Encarsia smithi (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 80: 713-719.
Perring, T. M., A. D. Cooper, R. J. Rodriquez, C. A. Farrar, and T. S. Bellows. 1993. Identification of a whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies. Science 259: 74-77.
Polaszek, A., G. A. Evans, and EF D. Bennett. Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): A prelim- inary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomo- logical Research 82: 375-392.
Shafee, S. A. 1973. Indian species of the genus Pros- paltella Ashmead. (Hym.: Aphelinidae). Entomo- phaga 18: 251-258.
Silvestri, E 1926. Descrizione di tre di Prospatella e di un di Encarsia parassite di Aleurocanthus. EOS. Revista Espana Entomologia 2: 179-189.
1928(1927). Contribuzione all conoscenza
degli Aleurodidae (Insect: Hemiptera) viventi su
Citrus in estremo Orient e dei loro parassiti. II.
Descrizione e notizie biologiche dei parassiti di
Aleurodiidi viventi su Citrus. Bollettino del La-
boratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria del R.
Istituto Superiore Agrario in Portici 21: 20-60.
1931. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Prospaltella della Somalia. Bollettino della Socie- ta Entomologica Italiana 63: 20-22.
Stoetzel, M. 1989. Common Names of Insects and Related Organism. Entomological Society of America. 199 pp.
Timberlake, P. H. 1926. New species of Hawaiian chalcid-flies (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 6: 305-320.
Viggiani, G. 1985. Notes on a few Aphelinidae, with description of five new species of Encarsia Foers- ter (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Bollettino del
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1 35
Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria “Filippo Sil- Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri” di Portici 46: 207— vestri’’ di Portici 42: 81-94. 213.
. 1989. Notes on some Nearctic and Neotrop- Walker, FE 1839. Monographia Chalciditum. 1. Hyp- ical Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelini- polite Bailliére London. 333 pp.
dae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 36-43
IMMATURE STAGES OF SCAPHISOMA CASTANEUM MOTSCHULSKY (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: SCAPHIDIINAE), WITH OBSERVATIONS ON NATURAL HISTORY, FUNGAL HOSTS AND DEVELOPMENT
RODNEY S. HANLEY
Snow Entomological Museum, Snow Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, U.S.A.
Abstract.—Eggs, larvae, pupae and known aspects of the life history and habits of Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky are described based upon field collected and labo- ratory reared material. Immatures were collected and reared from the polypore fungus Auriporia aurea (Peck) Ryvarden found within a downed log of Pinus ponderosa Doug- las. Approximate duration of the developmental stages at room temperature (22—24°C) in days were: egg 4—6; larvae, instar I, 1—2; instar II, 2-4; instar III, 4—6; prepupa, 1—2; pupa, 9-12. Complete developmental time of S. castaneum ranged from 21—25 days (mean 22). Second and third larval instars were observed to construct longitudinal, meshwork- like canopies from digested food excreted from the anus over occupied parts of the host fungus. Descriptive illustrations of the third larval instar and pupa are provided. Morpho- logical and behavioral comparisons to S. impunctatum Reitter, the only other species of
New World Scaphisoma with described immatures and habits, are made.
Key Words:
Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scaphidiinae, Scaphisoma castaneum, Auriporia
aurea, fungus feeding, immature stages, canopy-building behavior
Both larvae and adults of the genus Sca- phisoma are known to occur in association with higher, fleshy fungi, wood debris and leaf litter (Hatch 1957, Lawrence and New- ton 1980, Ashe 1984, Newton 1984, 1990, Leschen 1988, 1994, Leschen et al. 1990). Newton (1984) reported that fungal hyphae are probably the primary food source for most species of Scaphisoma. These hyphae are often, but not necessarily, from fruiting bodies of the host fungi, a feature which may explain the numerous specimens that are collected from wood debris and leaf lit- ter.
North American species of Scaphisoma are known to feed on a wide variety of fun- gi, including coral fungi (Clavariaceae) (Newton 1984), gilled mushrooms (Agari-
cales) (Newton 1984, Leschen et al. 1990, pers. observ.), ground fan fungi (Thelo- phoraceae) (Leschen et al. 1990), jelly fun- gi (Heterobasidiomycetes) (Newton 1984, Leschen 1988, Leschen et al. 1990), poly- pore fungi (Polyporales) (Perris 1876, Weiss and West 1920, 1921, 1922, Newton 1984, Leschen 1988, pers. observ.), slime molds (Myxomycetes) (Newton 1984), white slime mold (Newton 1984), and mold (Moniliaceae) (Palm 1959).
Even with such numerous, diverse fungal hosts reported for species of Scaphisoma, little is known concerning natural histories, development and immature stages. Ashe (1984) comprehensively described the ma- ture larva, pupa and natural history of S. terminata Melsheimer. However, in Les-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
chen’s (1988) description of the immatures and natural history of S. impunctatum Reit- ter, the specimens of S. terminata used in Ashe’s study were revealed to be Caryos- capha americanum LOobl, a species de- scribed subsequent to Ashe’s work. Addi- tionally, no life histories of any species of Scaphisoma have been worked out in any detail.
The literature concerning immatures of Scaphisoma has been confused by misiden- tifications of larvae of Sepedophilus species as various species of Scaphisoma by nu- merous authors. Ashe (1984) and Newton (1984) reviewed the known misidentifica- tions of larvae of Scaphisoma and possible implications to subsequent works dealing with immatures of the Scaphidiinae.
The objectives of this study are to de- scribe the natural history, development, and immature stages of S. castaneum Motschul- sky with patterns of evolutionary or taxo- nomic significance being noted. Adults of S. castaneum have been reported as com- mon throughout Washington, Oregon, Ida- ho and British Columbia (Hatch 1957), however nothing is known concerning the immatures or habits of this species.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
To describe the life history, development and immature stages of S. castaneum, 52 eggs, 160 larvae, and 141 adults were col- lected from a mass of Auriporia aurea (Peck) Ryvarden (Polyporaceae). This fun- gus was found within a downed log of Pi- nus ponderosa Douglas at the Lyle Grove Biological Area, Whitman County, Wash- ington.
Eggs, larvae and adults found on the fun- gus were brought alive into the laboratory and transferred to glass jars containing moist, sterile, potting soil. The jars were maintained at room temperature (22—24°C) and provided with pieces of the host fungus on wood bits as required (fragments of wood with the host fungus were kept re- frigerated until needed). Behavioral and de-
37
velopmental observations were readily made under these conditions.
When full grown, larvae were allowed to pupate in the same containers. Samples of eggs, larval instars I, II, and III, prepupae, and pupae were killed and fixed in Kahle’s solution and preserved in 80% ethyl alco- hol. Specimens were prepared for structural examination by first clearing in cold 10% KOH for up to two days or until clear and then examining in glycerin. Specimens were examined with a stereo-dissecting mi- croscope.
For the descriptions of the immature stages, 52 eggs, 28 larvae (3 instar I, 3 in- star II and 22 instar III), 2 prepupae, and 27 pupae were studied. From the remaining immatures, 37 adult specimens of S. cas- taneum were successfully reared and pre- served.
RESULTS
Development. Three larval size groups are present in the preserved material, and these groups are interpreted as 3 larval in- stars. Male and female adults isolated in the laboratory readily mated, with the females depositing eggs in cracks and crevices on the host fungus within 36 hours after col- lection. Eclosion occurred approximately 12 hours after each egg was deposited, and within 36 hours all eggs had hatched.
Complete developmental time (eclosion to adult emergence) of S. castaneum aver- aged 22 days (range 21—25 days) at room temperature (Fig. |). After feeding, the vast majority of full grown larvae burrowed from the fungus into the wood substrate forming small oval cavities lined with silk- like material secreted from the anus. Four of the larvae left the host fungus and buried themselves about 3 cm deep in the soil sub- strate forming similar chambers. The larvae remained non-feeding and inactive as pre- pupae in these cavities for 1-2 days before pupation. Pupation lasted between 9-12 days.
Host relationship. Gilbertson and Ryvar- den (1986) and Breitenbach and Krdnzlin
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
~ ED - <p Instar | i> Instar II
Stage in Development
ea Instar III
<p Prepupa
Time (Days)
Fig. 1.
Stages in the development of Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky with their duration and timing at
room temperature (22—24°C). For each stage, the greatest width denotes all individuals have reached that stage. The apicies indicate first and last individuals found in that stage.
(1986) summarized our knowledge of A. aurea. This species is a resupinate to pile- ate, annual fungus causing brown cubical rot within dead conifers and hardwoods. The pore surface is yellow when fresh, turning yellowish-buff to pale brown upon drying. The pores are circular to angular with 2-4 per millimeter. The spores are cy- lindrical-ellipsoid and smooth, about 5.0— 8.5 x 3.0-4.0 p.
The genus Auriporia is exclusively a north temperate group with A. aurea the only species in North America. Known from the northeastern U.S., southwest and Pacific Northwest, A. aurea appears to be widely distributed throughout most of North America. However, this species is rarely collected, probably due to its cryptic nature of occurring within downed logs. Two other species of Auriporia occur in Eu- rope and Asia respectively.
Specimens of S. castaneum were encoun- tered only on fresh, yellow areas of A. au- rea. Both adults and larvae were collected together from the surface of the fungus. In many instances, the larvae and adults crawled down the narrow pores of the host
fungus making hand collection of these specimens difficult. No trophic exchanges or other beneficial behaviors were directly observed between adults and larvae. Addi- tional known adult hosts of S. castaneum are: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fries) Kummer (pers. observ.), Fomitopsis pint- cola (Swartz ex Fries) Karsten, Polyporus alboluteus Ellis and Everhart, and Gano- derma sp. (pers. comm., A. E Newton, Jr.).
Feeding behavior. Larvae began grazing on the surface of A. aurea immediately af- ter eclosion and fed both day and night dur- ing development.
Second and third larval instars were ob- served to construct longitudinal, meshwork- like canopies from digested food excreted from the anus over occupied parts of the host fungus (Fig. 2). Larvae constructed the retreats by first excreting an elongated fecal pellet near the entrances of burrowed cav- ities, then reorienting themselves and posi- tioning the fecal pellet into place using the mandibles (Fig. 3). The retreats were quite fragile and ephemeral, often decaying in about 48 hours. The fecal pellets were held together with a viscous fluid and did not
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Figs. 2, 3.
Retreat construction behavior of second and third larval instars of Scaphisoma castaneum Mot-
schulsky. 2, Deposition of a fecal pellet into the canopy of the retreat. 3, Final manipulation of the fecal pellet
into place using the mandibles.
appear to be arranged in any definite pat- tern. Each retreat was approximately 2 cm long and was occupied by a single larva. While in the retreats, larvae fed on the sur- face of the fungus and repaired any dam- aged areas to the retreats. The function of the excavated retreats remains unclear, however, they probably serve as an adap- tation to hide the larvae from potential predators/parasites and/or to provide suit- able microhabitats perhaps to prevent des- iccation. To this end, one behavioral obser- vation is of note: when a shadow passed Over a retreat, the larva immediately crawled back into its retreat. This obser-
vation suggests a probable anti-predatory function for these retreats.
IMMATURE STAGES OF SCAPHISOMA CASTANEUM MOTSCHULSKY
Description of egg. Length 0.3—0.6 mm. Color white, smooth, spherical, surrounded by mucous-like substance.
Description of larval instar III. Length 2.9-4.3 mm. Body elongate, gently curved, parallel-sided, flattened dorsoventrally. Col- or whitish with sclerotized areas light brown; head dark yellow to brown. Vesti- ture length variable, setae simple. Head oval, length about 0.9 times width; ecdysial
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 4-11. view). 6, Antenna (ventral view). 7, Labrum (dorsal view). 8, Mandible (ventral view). 9, Maxilla (dorsal view). 10, Mala of maxilla (dorsal view). 11, Labium (ventral view).
lines distinct, lateral arms lyre-shaped, complete from back of head to bases of an- tennae with near right angles midway be- tween antenna fossae and fork; epicranial glands distinct, near end of ecdysial lines (Fig. 4); five pigmented stemmata on each side, arranged in one distinct row with one stemma below row (Fig. 5). Antenna with segment I asetose, short, length about 0.6 times width; segment II about 4.0 times longer than segment I, constricted portion 0.25 times length, segment II trisetose, bearing small, mesal, sensory appendage; segment III about 0.4 times length of seg- ment II, three prominent, long setae sur-
Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky, larval instar III. 4, Head (dorsal view). 5, Head (lateral
round numerous small, fine setae (Fig. 6). Labrum with anterior margin serrate, 8—9 tooth-like projections on each side of mid- line; surface with three pairs of setae (Fig. 7). Adoral surface of labrum (epipharynx) with numerous, very fine, inwardly and an- teriorly directed hairlike processes on each side of midline; small patch of sensory pores present near anterior surface. Man- dibles with right and left similar in size and shape; broad, with extensive pseudomola of numerous small teeth, asetose; divided into two acute lobes with ventral lobe larger than dorsal lobe; margins of lobes promi- nently serrate (Fig. 8). Maxilla (Fig. 9) with
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
41
Figs. 12-18. Mesonotum (dorsal view). 14, Prothoracic leg (anterior view). 15, Abdominal tergum I. 16, Abdominal terga IX and X. 17, 18, Pupa: 17, Ventral aspect. 18, Dorsal aspect.
cardo oval, divided into three regions; stipes broadest at middle, tapering slightly at base; mala acute with a large, unarticulated spine at apex and two smaller, articulated spines more proximally on mesal surface; adoral surface with 9-10 closely spaced, spine-like setae in a single row (Fig. 10); maxillary palpus three-segmented not including basal palpifer, segment I asetose, about 0.8 times the length of segment II, segment II bise- tose, segment III conical and bisetose, about 1.4 times as long as segment II, base with very small digitform sensory append- age, apex with three very short setae at apex. Labium composed of submental, mental and premental sclerites; ligula
Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky. 12—16, Larval instar III. 12, Pronotum (dorsal view). 13,
broadly rounded with spines on each side of the midline; labial palpus 2-segmented, short, stub-like, segment I about 1.4 times longer than segment II, segment II with 3— 4 very short setae at apex (Fig. 11). Thorax. Pronotum transverse, moderately sclero- tized, anterior and posterior angles broadly rounded; ecdysial suture well developed medially (Fig. 12). Mesonotum oval, width about 3.7 times length, moderately sclero- tized; ecdysial suture well developed (Fig. 13). Metanotum similar to mesonotum. Legs long, each of similar size and config- uration; 4 setae present on coxae, 4 setae on trochanter, 7 setae on both femur and tibia, and 2 minute setae present on tarsus;
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
all setae of various sizes (Fig. 14). Abdo- men. Tergum I quadrate, width about 2.2 times length, lightly sclerotized with small tergal gland on each side; ecdysial suture absent (Fig. 15). Terga II—VIII similar to tergum I. Tergum IX quadrate, width about 2.2 times length; one pair of setae present. Urogomphi two segmented; basal segment with 2 setae; segment II slender, 0.75 times length of tergum IX. Tergum X elongate, slightly tapered from base to apex; apex with two large, round lobes covered with many minute hooks (Fig. 16).
Variation in larval instars. Overall body lengths of each instar are as follows: instar I, 0.9—1.3 mm; instar II, 1.4—2.7 mm; instar Ill 2.9-4.3 mm. Structurally, the first instar differs from the second and third as fol- lows: head not pigmented; antennae shorter and more robust; anterior margin of labrum deeply crenulate; general reduction in se- tation over entire body. The second instar differs from the third as follows: head yel- low; anterior margin of labrum crenulate; legs shorter and more robust; setation of body similar.
Description of pupa. Length 1.9—2.8 mm. Color white throughout. Eyes inconspicu- ous. Major body spines as in Figs. 17, 18. General body form broadly oval with wing pads distinctive. Three pairs of functional spiracles near the lateral margin on each thoracic segment.
Material examined. USA. WASHING- TON. WHITMAN Co.: Lyle Grove Biolog- ical Area, 12.9 km SW of Pullman, 640 m elev., 12 May 1994 and 21 May 1994, R. S. Hanley & W. J. Turner, from Auriporia aurea in downed log of Pinus ponderosa. Fifty-two eggs, 160 larvae and 141 associ- ated adults; 2 prepupae, 27 pupae and 37 reared adults.
Voucher specimens were deposited in the James Entomological Collection, Washing- ton State University and the remainder in the personal collections of the author and W. J. Turner, Washington State University.
DISCUSSION
The mature larvae of S. castaneum are very similar to those of S. impunctatum re- ported by Leschen (1988). Larvae of S. cas- taneum differ primarily from larvae of S. impunctatum in the following major ways: ecdysial lines with distinct right angle curve near antennal fossae; ocelli arranged in one distinct row with one stemma below; pos- terior head setation about 1.5 times longer overall; antennae with sensory appendage on segment II about half as large; apical tip of mala distinctly rounded; maxillary pal- pus segment III with basal digitform sen- sory appendage about half as large; labium with palpi extending beyond anterior mar- gin, lateral margins of submentum distinct- ly compressed; urogomphi about 1.5 times longer.
The mucous-like substance surrounding the eggs of S. castaneum probably serves as an important means of water regulation within the eggs. A similar substance was reported surrounding the eggs of S. im- punctatum (Leschen 1988).
Other scaphidiine beetles are also known to construct retreat canopies similar to those described for S. castaneum. Leschen (1994) reported that larvae of the genera Scaphi- dium and Toxidium construct retreat cano- pies near or on the mycelium of host fungi. These retreats were constructed by each lar- va positioning elongated fecal pellets into a roof made of frass using their mandibles, as seen in Scaphidium, or their anus, as in Toxidium. The larvae of Caryoscapha americanum used in Ashe’s (1984) study were also reported to construct retreats by excavating incomplete longitudinal caverns within the host mushroom.
Leschen (1994) suggests that retreat building behavior in species of Toxidium and Scaphidium may be convergent with preliminary evidence suggesting that retreat building may be more widespread through- out the Scaphidiinae than previously known. I agree with Leschen’s comment that interpreting retreat building as a ho-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
mology requires additional natural history studies from other scaphidiine taxa.
The silk-lined pupal chambers produced by mature larvae of S. castaneum likely serve a protective function by forming a hard enclosing layer of wood or soil parti- cles around each pupa. It is unclear if these chambers are an adaptation to avoid pre- dation/parasitism or simply to allow pupa- tion within loose substrates, such as sandy soil or fragmented wood. Similar cavities have been reported for most described members of the Aleocharinae and species of the paederine genus Astenus (Frank and Thomas 1984). No previous descriptions of the natural histories or habits of immatures of Scaphisoma include a silk-lined pupal chamber. However, very little is known about scaphidiine pupae and discussions of the habits of pupation are based on incom- plete comparative data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank L. Carris, Washington State University, for her help in the identi- fication of A. aurea; A. EF Newton, Jr., Field Museum of Natural History, for providing additional host records for adults of S. cas- taneum; K. Stephan, Red Oak, Oklahoma for confirming the identification of adults of S. castaneum; J. S. Ashe and R. A. B. Leschen, Snow Entomological Museum, and R. S. Zack, James Entomological Col- lection, for their many helpful suggestions with this manuscript; and for his encour- agement throughout this and other studies, the late R. D. Akre.
LITERATURE CITED
Ashe, J. S. 1984. Description of the larva and pupa of Scaphisoma terminata Melsh. and the larva of Scaphium castanipes Kirby with notes on their
43
natural history (Coleoptera: Scaphidiidae). Cole- opterists Bulletin 38: 361-373.
Breitenbach, J. and F Kranzlin. 1986. Fungi of Swit- zerland: A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fungal Flora of Switzerland. Vol. 2. Non-Gilled Fungi. Mykologia Luzern. 412 pp.
Frank, J. H. and M. C. Thomas. 1984. Cocoon-spin- ning and the defensive function of the median gland in larvae of Aleocharinae (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae): A review. Quaestiones Entomo- logicae 20: 7—23.
Gilbertson, R. L. and L. Ryvarden. 1986. North American Polypores. Fungiflora, Oslo. 433 pp.
Hatch, M. H. 1957. The Beetles of the Pacific North- west. Part II: Staphyliniformia. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 384 pp.
Lawrence, J. EF and A. EF Newton, Jr. 1980. Coleoptera associated with the fruiting bodies of slime molds (Myxomycetes). Coleopterists Bulletin 34: 129— 143.
Leschen, R. A. B. 1988. The natural history and im- matures of Scaphisoma impunctatum (Coleoptera: Scaphidiidae). Entomological News 99: 225-232.
. 1994. Retreat-building by larval Scaphidiinae (Staphylinidae). Mola 4: 3—5.
Leschen, R. A. B., I. Lobl, and K. Stephan. 1990. Review of the Ozark highland Scaphisoma (Co- leoptera: Scaphidiidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 44: 274-294.
Newton, A. F, Jr. 1984. Mycophagy in Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera), pp. 302-353. In Wheeler, Q. and M. Blackwell, eds., Fungus-Insect Relationships: Per- spectives in Ecology and Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York. 514 pp.
1990. Scaphidiidae (Staphylinoidea), pp. 337-339. In Stehr, E W., ed., Immature Insects, Volume 2. Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co. 975 pp.
Palm, T. 1959. Die Holz- und Rinden-Kafer der sud und Mittelschwedischen Laubbaéume. Opuscula Entomologica, Supplementum 16.
Perris, E. 1876. Larves de Coléoptéres. Annales de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 22: 259-418.
Weiss, H. B. and E West. 1920. Fungous insects and their hosts. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 33: 1—20.
1921. Additional fungous insects and their
hosts. Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington 34: 167-172.
1922. Notes on fungous insects. Canadian
Entomologist 54: 198-199.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 44-49
APHIS CRASSICAUDA, N. SP. HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), WITH A KEY TO ALATE SPECIES OF APHIS ON VIBURNUM SPP. IN THE UNITED STATES
CLYDE F SMITH AND RANDI W. ECKEL
(CFS) Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, U.S.A.; (RWE) 53 Everittstown, Frenchtown, NJ 08825, U.S.A.
Abstract.—All morphs (fundatrices, apterous viviparous females, alate viviparous fe- male, apterous oviparous females, and apterous males) of Aphis crassicauda, n. sp., are described. Collections were made in Wake and Orange counties, NC; Starved Rock State Park, IL; and Phillipsburg, PA. A key is given to the alate viviparous females of the following species of Aphis reported on Viburnum spp. in the United States: A. crassicauda; A. spiraecola Patch, A. viburni Scopoh, A. viburnicola Gillette, and A. viburniphila Patch.
Key Words:
Aphis crassicauda Smith and Eckel, n. sp., was found on heavily infested plants of Viburnum dentatum that had been used in landscaping at a new office building in Um- stead State Park (Wake Co.), NC. All morphs (fundatrices, alate viviparous fe- males, apterous viviparous females, apter- ous Oviparous females, apterous males, and eggs) were collected on these bushes during 1959 and 1960. Aphis crasscauda has not been collected colonizing on other genera of plants.
Other collections of A. crassicauda have been made on other plants of Viburnum dentatum in other areas of Umstead Park, Reedy Creek State Park, and Orange Co., NC, and in Starved Rock State Park, IL, and Phillipsburg, PA. However, plants at these areas were not as heavily infested as the transplanted plants. Could the trans- planting of the plants have affected them in such a way that they were very favorable food for the aphids?
Aphis viburni Scopoli has been reported from Illinois, Kansas, and Nebraska (see Thomas 1879, Smith and Parron 1978:47),
Aphididae, Aphis, Viburnum, United States, key
but we have not seen specimens from North America.
Aphis crassicauda Smith and Eckel, NEW SPECIES
Fundatrices (Fig. 7).—Color of living specimens, tan to light brown. Cleared specimens: Dusky on head; antennal seg- ments I, II, I-IV (distal tip), V and VI; rostral III and IV+V; thorax (lateral plates); legs dusky on coxae, trochanters, femorae (distal three-fourths), tibiae (distal one- tenth), tarsi; siphunculi; cauda; anal and genital plates.
Measurements (the first is that of a single specimen (60-26 #1), the measurements in parentheses represent the range of 8 speci- mens unless indicated otherwise). All mea- surements in millimeters. Length of body, 1.8 (1.8-2.0, 4 specimens); width of head, 0.45 (0.42—0.48); antennae with 5 segments (antennal segments III-IV apparently com- bined, V and VI have primary rhinaria) without secondary rhinaria. Antennal seg- ment III-IV, 0.35 (0.21-0.37), V, 0.15 (0.12—0.19), VI, 0.10 (0.10—0.12) + 0.17
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Figs. 1, 2. Aphis viburnicola, alate viviparous fe- male, Grand Jct., Colo. (Paul and Carolynn Sanda), 28 April 1993, on Viburnum sp. 1, Portion of head, an- tenna and rostrum. 2, Tip of abdomen with siphunculus and cauda.
(0.12—0.17); Rostral IV+V, length 0.13 (0.10—0.14), width 0.08 (0.06—0.08); hind tibia, 0.89 (0.75—0.97); metatarsomere II, 0.11 (0.10—0.11); siphunculus, 0.22 (0.19— 0.22); cauda, length 0.08 (0.06—0.09), width 0.15 (0.10—0.15), and bearing 11 setae (11-— 18). Antennae without secondary rhinaria. Unguis less than 2X base.
Apterous viviparous females.—Color of living specimens, tan to light brownish.
45
Figs. 3, 4. Aphis viburni, Skive, Denmark (O. Heie), 19 July 1958, on Viburnum opalus, alate vivip- arous female. 3, Portion of head and antenna. 4, Tip of abdomen with siphunculi and cauda.
Color of cleared specimens, dusky on head, antennal segments I, II, V and VI, legs, coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae (types), tarsi, Rostral [V+ V, siphunculi and cauda.
Measurements (the first measurement is that of a single specimen, the measurements in parentheses represent the range of 6 specimens). Length of body, 1.39 (1.10— 2.08); width of head, 0.40 (0.35—0.48); an- tennae may be 5 or 6 segmented, usually 6; antennal segment III, 0.20 (0.19—0.35), IV, 0.08 (0.08—0.17), V, 0.12 (0.11—0.18), VI, 0.08 (0.06—0.08) + 0.22 (0.10—0.23); Ros- tral IV+V, length 0.12 (0.11—0.14), width 0.07 (0.06—0.09); hind tibia, 0.69 (0.40— 0.95); metatarsomere II, 0.11 (0.10—0.12); siphunculus, 0.17 (0.13—0.26); cauda,
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 5, 6. Aphis crassicauda, alate viviparous fe- male, Umstead Park, Wake Co., N.C., 27 April 1960 (Smith and Tuatay), coll. 60-187, specimen no. 2 (ho- lotype). 5, Portion of head and antenna. 6, Tip of ab- domen with siphunculus and cauda.
length 0.07 (0.04—0.08), width 0.09 (0.09— 0.14), and bearing 11 setae (6-19). Anten- nae without secondary rhinaria. Unguis more than 2X base. Note: In most apterae observed, the antennae were 6-segmented. However, some antennae appeared with only partial segmentation between antennal segment III and antennal segment IV, or, they had only 5-segmented antennae. One was 6-segmented on one side, and 5-seg- mented on the other side. Some apterae are small and have 5-segmented antennae.
Alate viviparous females (Figs. 5, 6).— Color of living specimens: brownish to rose color. Color of cleared specimens: dark on head, antennae, rostrum III and IV+V, tho- rax, and legs (except profemora which are lighter). Abdomen with lateral areas (spots), bars on dorsal abdomenal segment VI-VII— VIII; siphunculi, cauda, anal, and genital plates.
Measurements (the first measurement is
that of a single specimen (60-187 #2, the holotype). The measurements in parenthe- ses represent the range of 11 specimens). Length of body, 1.75 (1.07—1.85); width of head, 0.39 (0.38—0.42); antennal segment II, 0.31 (0.31—0.35), IV, 0.17 (0.16—-0.21), V, 0.16 (0.16—0.19), VI, 0.09 (0.09—0.11) + 0.28 (0.26—0.32); rostral IV+V, length 0.13 (0.11—0.15), width 0.07 (0.05—0.10); hind tibiae, 0.90 (0.80—0.99); metatarsomere II, 0.11 (0.10—0.12); siphunculi, 0.21 (0.18— 0.25); cauda, length 0.06 (0.05—0.08), width 0.10 (0.07—0.12), and bearing 14 setae (9— 17). Tarsal chaetotaxy 3-3-2. Secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III, 9-10 (7— 14) in nearly a straight row.
Apterous oviparous females (Fig. 8).— Color of living specimens, reddish-brown. Color of cleared specimens dusky on head; antennal segments I, II CII and IV?), distal one-half, V and VI, rostrum III, 1V+V; cox- ae, trochanters, femora, tibiae (tip), tarsi; si- phunculi; cauda, and anal plate.
Measurements (the first measurement is that of a single specimen. Measurements in parentheses represent the range of 6 speci- mens). Length of body, 1.69 (1.45—1.82); width of head, 0.35 (0.32—0.40). Some specimens have 6-segmented antennae.
The following measurements are for specimens with 5-segmented antennae. An- tennal segments: antennal segments III and IV appear to be fused in some specimens; III-IV, 0.29 (0.17—0.29), V, 0.14 (0.1—0.14), VI, 0.09 (0.086—0.096) + 0.25 (0.22—0.25); rostral IV+V, length 0.12 (0.11—0.12), width 0.06 (0.06—0.08); hind tibiae, 0.71 (0.62—0.71); metatarsomere II, 0.11 (0.09— 0.11); siphunculi, 0.13 (0.12—0.14); cauda, length 0.07 (0.05—0.07), width 0.11 (0.09— 0.11), and bearing 20 setae (20—24). Anten- nae without secondary rhinaria. Hind tibiae not swollen, with O-10 pseudosensoria on distal half.
Apterous male (Fig. 9).—Color of living specimens, reddish brown. Color of cleared specimens dusky on head, antennae, legs, rostrum (especially segments III and IV+V), siphunculi, cauda, genitalia, ab-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Figs. 7, 8. Aphis crassicauda. 7, Fundatrix, coll. 60-26, specimen no. 6., portion of tip of abdomen with siphunculus and cauda. 8, Oviparous female, Umstead Park, Wake Co., N.C., 4 November 1959 (C. E and C. K. Smith), coll. no. 59-1493, specimen no. 1, portion of tip of abdomen with siphunculi and cauda.
dominal segments V, VI with sclerotic area around medial setae, abdominal segments VII and VIII with dorsal bars. Measurements (the first measurement is that of a single specimen. Measurements in parentheses represent the range of 3 speci- mens). Length of body, 1.35 (1.21—1.35); width of head, 0.40 (0.37—0.40); antennal segment III, 0.21 (0.21—0.25), IV, 0.14 (0.13—0.14), V, 0.14 (0.13-0.14), VI, 0.08 (0.08—0.09) + 0.21 (0.19—0.24); hind tibia, 0.63 (0.63—0.72); metatarsomere II, 0.09; siphunculi, 0.09 (0.08—0.09); cauda, length 0.06 (0.04—0.06), width 0.10 (0.08—0.10), and bearing 11 setae. Secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III, 2 (1-9), IV, 3 (3-6),
47
Figs. 9, 10. 9, Aphis crassicauda, Umstead Park, Wake Co., N.C., 4 November 1959 (C. E and C. K. Smith), coll. 59-1483, specimen no. 2, portion of ab- domen of apterous male with siphunculi, cauda, and genitalia. 10, Aphis spiraecola, Wilson, N.C., 27 May 1993, specimen no. 1, on Viburnum sp., portion of abdomen with siphunculi and cauda of alate viviparous female.
V, 2 (2-3). Only 3 specimens available, one has antennal segments III and IV coalesced. Males may have pseudosensoria on distal half of hind tibiae.
Eggs.—Eggs are tan when first laid, then turn black.
Discussion.—Aphis crassicauda Smith and Eckel is similar to Aphis viburniphila Patch (1917: 416) in that the hind tibia of Oviparous females not swollen, and pseu- dosensoria (if any) are on the distal portion.
The cauda of A. crassicauda is blunt or rounded (Figs. 6-8); whereas, the cauda of A. viburniphila Patch is more “‘cone- shaped”’ (Fig. 12).
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 11, 12. Aphis viburniphila, alate viviparous female, coll. 64-83, Raleigh, N.C. (C. E Smith and Hille Ris Lambers), 20 April 1964. 11, Portion of head and antenna. 12, Tip of abdomen with siphunculus and cauda.
Apterous viviparous females of A. vibur- niphila usually have secondary rhinaria on antennal segment III; whereas, they are ab- sent on antennal segment III of apterous vi- viparous females of A. crassicauda. Alate viviparous females of A. viburniphila have 21-28 secondary rhinaria scattered on an- tennal segment III; whereas, antennal seg- ment III of alate viviparous females of A. crassicauda have 7—14 secondary rhinaria in nearly a straight row.
Types.—Holotype from collection 60- 187. The holotype (60-187 #2 an alate vi- viparous female) and some paratypes are in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC. Other paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; The Natural History Museum, London; North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and the collections of the authors.
Collections
(with abbreviations of morphs collected)
North Carolina (Wake Co.), Umstead State Park, type locality.
1959, coll. no. 59-77, 5 May, 3 slides (apt, al) coll. no. 59-147, 19 May, 2 slides (apt, al) coll. no. 59-219, 27 May, 3 slides (apt, al) coll. no. 59-377, 4 July, 4 slides (apt) coll. no. 59-1215, 2 Sept., 2 slides (apt) coll. no. 59-1301, (Ovip) coll. no. 59-1369, (Ovip) coll. no. 59-1432, 22 Oct., 4 slides (ovip) coll. no. 59-1493, 4 Nov., 4 slides (ovip, male)
4 Oct., 2 slides
12 Oct., 7 slides
1960, coll. no. 60-20, 15 April, 2 slides (ny) coll. no. 60-26, 16 April, 12 slides (fund) coll. no. 60-185, 4 April, 4 slides (fund)
coll. no. 60-187, 17 April, 4 slides
(1 alatoid ny, fund, al)
coll. no. 60-1054, 11 Sept., 4 slides
(apt, ovip)
coll. no. 60-1132, 12 Oct., 4 slides
(ovip)
coll. no. 60-1194, 26 Oct., 4 slides
(ovip, male)
coll. no. 61-13, 3 May, 1 slide (al,
apt)
coll. no. 61-32, 25 May, | slide (apt)
coll. no. 61-198, 6 Sept., 1 slide (apt,
Ovip)
coll. no. 79-3, 1 April, 6 slides (fund,
al)
North Carolina (Orange Co.)
1961, coll. 61-280, 25 Sept., 4 slides (apt, al) on Viburnum
Illinois, Starved Rock State Park
1960, coll. 60-583, 4 slides on Viburnum
Pennsylvania, Phillipsburg
1961,
1979,
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
1961, coll. no. 61-280, 4 slides on Vibur- num
Summary of Dates of Collection of Different Morphs in Umstead Park
ny = nymphs only: 15 April
fund = fundatrices, 16 and 17 April
al = alate viviparous females: 17 April to 27 May
apt = apterous viviparous females: 5 May to 11 Sept.
ovip = apterous oviparous females: 11 Sept. to 4 Nov.
male = apterous males: 26 Oct.
KEY TO ALATE VIVIPAROUS APHIS SPP. ON VIBURNUM SPP. IN NORTH AMERICA
1 Cauda with 10 or more setae. Abdomen without a dark, dorsal patch, may have transverse dark bars
1’ Cauda with 5-6 setae. Abdomen with a
dark, dorsal patch (Figs. 1, 2)
50 cst pro oO eee Aphis viburnicola Gillette
Cauda not longer than broad (Caudal length
and width in key refers to length on median
line of sclerotic or hard portion and width
at base (center) of this portion.)
De Cauda longer than broad
3(2) Abdomen with dorsal transverse bars on segments I-VIII. Lateral tubercles conspic- uous on segments I-VII (Figs. 3, 4) (see Smith and Parron 1978:47)
o. oOo eaaci aan trae Ae ae Aphis viburni Scopoli
3’ Abdomen without dorsal transverse bars on segments I-V (may have indications of bars). Lateral tubercles not conspicuous on segments II-VI (Figs. 5—9)
SSE ee eee Aphis crassicauda, n. sp.
2(1)
49
4(2') Unguis equal to or longer than antennal seg- ment III 4’ Unguis usually distinctly shorter than anten- nal segment III (Figs. 11, 12) ........ Moe Bc uated eona cana acenone Aphis viburniphila Patch Secondary rhinaria not more than 10 (4-10) on antennal segment III (Fig. 10) ae SO ee eee eae Aphis spiraecola Patch 5’ Secondary rhinaria more than 10 (12-19) on antennal segment III (Fig. 3) ......... Sabian Ry yee ae Mie bate as Aphis viburni Scopoli
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community De- velopment and the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation for permission to collect aphids and specimens of host plants for research.
LITERATURE CITED
Gillette, C. PR 1909. American snowball louse, Aphis viburnicola, n. sp. Entomological News 20: 280-— 285, plate XI.
Patch, E. M. 1914. Maine aphids of the rose family (Aphis spiraecola Patch). Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station Bulletin 241: 270.
1917. Eastern aphids, new or little known, Part I (Aphis viburniphila Patch). Journal of Eco- nomic Entomology 10: 416—420, fig. 20.
Scopoli, J. A. 1763. Aphis. Entomologia Carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnaeana 1763: 1—421, figs. 1-815.
Smith, C. FE and C. Parron. 1978. An annotated list of Aphididae (Homoptera) of North America. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, No. 255.
Thomas, C. 1879. Noxious and beneficial insects of the State of Illinois. Report of the State Entomol- ogist (Illinois) 8: 1-212, figs. 1-47.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 50-54
NOTES ON NEARCTIC BIBIO (DIPTERA: BIBIONIDAE)
ScoTT J. FITZGERALD
Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A.
Abstract.—Bibio macateei James is a new junior subjective synonym of B. fumipennis Walker, not a junior subjective synonym of B. xanthopus Wiedemann. Bibio melanopilosus Hardy and B. kansensis James are new junior subjective synonyms of B. curtipes James, and a redescription of the intraspecific color variation of this species is given. Bibio autumnalis, n. sp., is described from a holotype male and one female and seven male paratypes from Utah, and is distinguished from the similar B. flukei Hardy by the structure of the epandrium and gonostylus of the male. Both the male postabdomen of B. autumnalis
and B. flukei are illustrated for comparison.
Key Words:
Bibio is the largest genus of North Amer- ican Bibionidae and can be distinguished by the strong development of the foretibial spurs and the presence of a radial-medial crossvein separating veins R,,;, and M. Hardy (1945) provided the most recent re- vision of the Nearctic species of Bibio. Presently, 53 species and one subspecies are recognized (Hardy 1981).
A review of the North American Bibio has indicated one new species and several new synonyms. The terminology follows Hardy (1981). Acronyms for the deposito- ries of specimens are as follows: American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); The Natural History Museum (BMNH); Brig- ham Young University, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum (BYU); Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ); Canadian National Collection, Ot- tawa (CNC); Colorado State University, C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diver- sity (CSU); University of Colorado Muse- um (CU); and University of Guelph (DEBU).
Bibio, North America, new synonymy, new species
Bibio fumipennis Walker
Bibio fumipennis Walker 1848: 122. Holo- type male (BMNH), Canada: Ontario, Hudson Bay, Albany River, St. Martin Falls.
Bibio inaequalis Loew 1864: 51. Type se- ries (MCZ), USA: Alaska, Sitka. Syn- onymized by Hardy (1956).
Bibio simplicis Curran 1923: 245. Holotype male (CNC), Canada: Alberta, Nordegg. Synonymized with B. inaequalis, Hardy (1945).
Bibio macateei James 1936: 4. Holotype fe- male (AMNH), USA: Colorado, Rocky Mountain National Park, Trail Ridge Road, 12,000’; examined. New synony- my.
In 1936, James described Bibio macateei noting the possibility that it might be a ju- nior synonym of Bibio humeralis Walker. Hardy (1945) placed both B. humeralis and B. macateei as junior subjective synonyms of Bibio xanthopus Wiedemann.
Examination of the holotype female, al-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
lotype male and paratypes of Bibio maca- teei, indicates that this species is not a ju- nior subjective synonym of B. xanthopus, but rather a junior subjective synonym of B. fumipennis. In the description of B. ma- cateei, James states that the hind basitarsus of the male is “slightly enlarged, but cylin- drical’’ (James 1936), whereas Hardy’s re- description of B. xanthopus states that the ‘“‘*hind metatarsi (are) not swollen” (Hardy 1945). The hind basitarsus of B. macateei is clearly swollen in comparison to the slen- der hind basitarsus of B. xanthopus. At the time of James’ description of B. macateei, which is based upon a female holotype, the female of B. fumipennis was unknown. Col- lections of males and females of B. fumi- pennis, some identified by Hardy, were compared with types of B. macateei and found to be conspecific. Several specimens identified as B. fumipennis by Hardy were collected within 23 km of the type locality of B. macateei.
The following records are representative of some of the specimens examined.
CANADA: ALBERTA.: Livingstone Falls Camp, 2 males (DEBU); BRITISH COLUMBIA: Pink Mtn.: cow parsnip, 1 male (DEBU); cold bare tundra, 1 male (DEBU); NEWFOUNDLAND., Shoal Cove Rd., 7 males, 3 females (DEBU); USA: ALASKA: Unalakleet, 1 male (DEBU); COLORADO: Boulder Co.: Green Lakes, 14 Aug. 1990, B. Kondratieff, 3 males, 1 female (CSU); Niwot Ridge, al- pine zone, 2 Aug. 1961, S. C. Johonnott, 1 male (CU); Hinsdale Co.: Matterhorn Creek, 13 Aug. 1992, S. Fitzgerald, 1 male (CSU); Red Cloud, Silver Creek: 5 Sept. 1993, A. Siedl, 1 male (CSU); 1 Aug. 1992, B. Kondratieff, 3 males (CSU); Larimer Co.: 3 Aug. 1988, B. Kondratieff, 1 male (CSU); Pingree Park, 17-22 Aug. 1925, 1 male, 1 female (BYU); Cameron Pass, 20 Aug. 1941, Vasco M. Tanner, 2 males, 1 female (BYU); Estes Park: 3 males (CSU); Lake Odessa, 1 male, 1 female (CSU); WY- OMING: Centennial, 1 male (CSU).
51
Bibio curtipes James
Bibio curtipes James 1936: 6. Holotype fe- male (AMNH), USA: Colorado, Boulder; examined.
Bibio kansensis James 1936: 6. Holotype female (AMNH), USA: Kansas, Kirwin; examined. New synonymy.
Bibio melanopilosus Hardy 1936: 195. Ho- lotype male (BYU), USA: Utah, Spanish Fork. New synonymy.
Four species of North American Bibio, B. albipennis Say, B. curtipes James, B. kan- sensis James, and B. melanopilosus Hardy, have the combination of the inner spur of the foretibia short and the radial-medial crossvein one-third to one-fourth the length of the basal part of the radial sector. Bibio albipennis is one of the most common and widespread species in North America (Har- dy 1945). The other three species of this group are supposedly separable by the length of the hind basitarsus and the relative coloration of the legs and thoracic pile (Hardy 1945). A review of the type material of all three species, and especially the male terminalia indicates the presence of just a single variable species, with B. curtipes having priority.
Leg color in types of the three species is very similar, and the pile color varied among series of specimens from single lo- calities. The minor differences in the length of the hind basitarsus of the three species are not considered of specific importance.
The development of two “nipples” on the posterior edge of the epandrium of male B. curtipes (Fig. 1) is distinctive and also present in types of both synonyms. The dis- tinctive epandrium in combination with the short radial-medial crossvein and short in- ner spur of the foretibia will easily distin- guish this species from all other North American species.
A redescription of B. curtipes is given, including intraspecific color variation of the legs and thoracic pile, and the male postab- domen figured.
Male: Thorax and abdomen brown to
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 14. Male postabdomen, dorsal view. 1, Bibio curtipes. 2, Bibio autumnalis. 3, Bibio flukei. 4, Bibio
flukei, gonostylus removed to indicate basal tooth.
black, dorsum of thorax and head black. Pile yellow to brown to black and some- times intermixed on dorsum of thorax, tibia and tarsi. Pile of abdomen sometimes white to grey. Halter brown. Inner spur of fore tibia one third to one fourth length of outer. All legs rufous to brown, with hind femur sometimes slightly darker than tibia and tar- si. Hind basitarsus not swollen, one and one half to two times as long as the preceding segment; these preceding segments short and stout. Hind tibial spurs broad and rounded. All femora and hind tibia clavate. Wing 3.5—6 mm. Anterior veins and stigma brown, posterior veins translucent light brown. Wing hyaline to slightly brown fu- mose, more so costally. Radial-medial crossvein one third to one fourth the length
of the basal part of the radial sector. Epan- drium with two posteromedial “nipples” which lie, one on each side, of the poster- omedial cleft as Fig. 1. Gonocoxite near the attachment to the gonostylus, convex, ro- bust; Gonostylus, simple, digitiform (Fig. 1).
In addition to examination of the holo- type, allotype, and two paratypes of B. cur- tipes, the holotype, allotype, and twenty- one paratypes of B. kansensis, and ten para- types of B. melanopilosus, the following re- cords are representative of some of the specimens examined: COLORADO: Den- ver Co., 10 May 1939, M. T. James, 31 males, 33 females (CSU); Larimer Co., AR- DEC farm, 8 May 1994, S. Fitzgerald, 1 male (CSU).
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Bibio autumnalis Fitzgerald NEW SPECIES (Fig. 2)
A new species of Bibio from Utah was found among material submitted for iden- tification by Dr. Richard W. Baumann, Brigham Young University. These speci- mens are similar in general habitus to B. flukei Hardy, which is recorded from the montane and subalpine zones of the south- ern Rocky Mountains.
Holotype male: (BYU), Utah, Utah Co., Squaw Peak Trail Road, 3 miles south Pro- vo Canyon, malaise trap, 2-14 September 1985, C. R. Nelson.
Paratypes: Utah, Utah Co., Squaw Peak Trail Road, 3 miles south Provo Canyon, malaise trap, 2-14 September 1985, C. R. Nelson, 3 males, 1 female (2 CSU, 2 BYU); Utah, Iron Co., Cedar Canyon Camp- ground, Hwy 14, 9 October 1983, R. W. Baumann and C. R. Nelson, 1 male (BYU); Utah, Garfield Co., Mammoth Spring, 9 Oct. 1983, R. W. Baumann and M. Whiting, 1 male (BYU); Utah, Kane Co., Hwy 14 near Aspen Mirror Lake, Duck Creek, 9 October 1983, R. W. Baumann and C. R. Nelson, 2 males (BYU).
Diagnosis.—Bibio autumnalis may be separated from the similar B. flukei by the following characters: In dorsal view, the epandrium of B. autumnalis is cleft about one-fourth its length (Fig. 2), whereas the cleft in the epandrium of B. flukei is about two-thirds the length (Fig. 3). Additionally, the male gonostylus of B. autumnalis (Fig. 2) lacks a distinct basal tooth that B. flukei possesses (Fig. 4). Bibio autumnalis may also be separated from B. flukei by wing length; 4 mm in B. autumnalis and 6-6.5 mm in B. flukei.
Male.—Thorax and abdomen primarily shining brown. Dorsum of thorax and head shining black except humeral ridge some- times pale. Pile of head long, copious, black beneath, that of eye, palpus, and antenna short red-yellow erect. Palpus five seg- mented, third segment thickened. Antenna
53
seven segmented, seventh segment one and one half to two times as long as preceding segments. Halter yellow-brown to black. Pile of legs, body and abdomen yellow-red, that of tibia and tarsi shorter. Fore and mid legs brown, except fore tibial spurs yellow with dark tip. Inner spur very short; one fourth to one third the length of the outer. Hind femur brown usually with basal con- striction yellow. Hind tibia light brown or rufous, tipped with brown basally and api- cally, but always more pale than hind fe- mur. Hind tibial spurs apically acute. Hind basitarsus distinctly swollen and globular, about two and one-half to three times as long as wide, concolorous with the tibia. All femora and hind tibia clavate. Hind tib- ia greatly dilated distally. Wing hyaline, stigma and anterior veins light brown yel- low, and posterior veins slightly yellowed. Costa setulose and terminating at or just be- yond meeting R,,;. R, indistinctly meeting or evanescent before termination in costa. Radial-medial crossvein slightly longer than basal portion of radial sector. Bm-cu very indistinct. Membrane with microtri- chia. Wing length 4 mm. Cleft in epan- drium about one-fourth its length, gono- stylus lacking a basal tooth. Postabdomen as Fig. 2.
Female.—Thorax yellow-orange except three black vittae on dorsum. Head and an- tenna black except pedicel and scape yel- low. Legs yellow-orange except darkened apical tarsal segments. Posterior basitarsus long and slender, not swollen. Posterior tib- ial spurs apically acute. Wings slightly yel- low-brown fumose, 5.25 mm.
Remarks.—Bibio autumnalis is most similar in general habitus to B. flukei and will key to this species in Hardy (1945). However, B. autumnalis is probably more closely related to other fall emerging spe- cies, B. longipes Loew and B. slossonae Cockerell. The smaller size and yellow legs of the male will easily distinguish B. au- tumnalis from the above species.
Presently B. autumnalis appears to be re- stricted to Utah, although it is probable that
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
it may also occur in similar Great Basin and Colorado Plateau habitats.
Bibio flukei Hardy
Bibio flukei Hardy 1937: 202. Holotype male (AMNH), USA: Colorado, Camer- on Pass; examined.
Bibio flukei appears to be restricted to the montane and subalpine zones of the south- ern Rocky Mountains between elevations of about 2700-3440 m. The following records are representative of some of the specimens examined: COLORADO: Larimer Co.: Chambers Lake, 14 Aug. 1946, M. T. James, 12 males, 1 female (CSU); Pingree Park, 21 Aug. 1935, D. A. Wilbur, 5 males (CSU); Stormy Peak, 11,000’, 17 Aug. 1932, M. T. James, 2 males (CSU); West Branch Larimie River, 22 Aug. 1993, S. Fitzgerald, 1 male (CSU); Jackson Co., Gould near Cameron Pass, 19-21 Aug. 1940, M. T. James, | male (CSU); Boulder Co.: Aug. 1939, Hugo G. Rodeck, 1 male (CU); near science lodge, 18 Aug. 1939, U. N. Lanham, 1 male (CU); Hinsdale Co., Cooper Creek, 8 Aug. 1993, S. Fitzgerald, 2 males (CSU).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I sincerely thank Richard W. Baumann, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brig- ham Young University, and David A. Gri- maldi and Julian Stark, American Museum of Natural History for the loan of types and
critical material. Robert W. Brooks, Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas provided additional material. Spe- cial thanks to Boris C. Kondratieff, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, for funding and supporting my research. Quade A. Paul il- lustrated B. curtipes, and Sue Munson il- lustrated B. flukei and B. autumnalis.
LITERATURE CITED
Curran, C. H. 1923. New North American Diptera. The Canadian Entomologist 55: 245-246.
Hardy, D. E. 1936. A new Bibionidae (Diptera) from Utah. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sci- ences, Arts and Letters 13: 195.
. 1937. New Bibionidae (Diptera) from nearc-
tic America. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters 14: 199-213.
1945. Revision of Nearctic Bibionidae, in-
cluding Neotropical Plecia and Penthetria (Dip-
tera). The Kansas University Science Bulletin 30:
367-547.
. 1956. The Walker Types of Bibionidae (Dip-
tera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Soci-
ety 29: 85-91.
. 1981. Bibionidae, pp. 217—222. In McAlpine, J. EF, B. V. Peterson, E. Shewell, G. E. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood, eds., Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Agriculture Canada Monograph 27.
James, M. T. 1936. Some new western Bibionidae (Diptera). American Museum Novitates 832: 1-6.
Loew, H. 1864. Diptera Americae septentrionalis in- digena. Centuria quinta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 8: 49-104.
Walker, EF 1848. List of the specimens of Dipterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. pp. 1-229.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 55-63
REVISION OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN THYNNINE GENUS UPA (HYMENOPTERA: TIPHITDAE)
LYNN S. KIMSEY
Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
Abstract.—Six new species of the tiphiid genus Upa are described: U. bidentata, U. ligulata, U. longispina, U. nasata, U. porteri, and U. tridentata. All these species are from Brazil, except U. porteri which is from Argentina. A distribution map, figures, and a key to males of all seven described species are given.
Key Words: Tiphiidae, Thynninae, Upa
The genus Upa was originally described by Kimsey (Genise and Kimsey 1991), based on the Brazilian species Scotaena im- pressiceps Turner. More recently specimens borrowed from several collections have re- vealed six previously undescribed species that belong to this genus. Very little is known about the genus Upa: females are known only for two species (impressiceps and porteri) and the biology of this group is completely unknown. Based on collec- tion data for the new species it is clear that these wasps occur in some of the more an- cient landscapes in South America, partic- ularly in the Brazilian highlands. They are distributed from Misiones, Argentina, and southeastern Paraguay, east to Brazil, in the states of Santa Catarina, Parana, Rio de Ja- neiro, Minas Gerais and Bahia (Fig. 1), and Rio Grande do Sul.
Certain morphological features used in this study need to be clarified. Coloration is useful taxonomically only in overall pat- tern, precise color markings vary slightly from specimen to specimen, with certain some individuals having the yellow mark- ings smaller or muddier than others. In de- scriptions of punctuation below, punctures should be assumed to be circular in outline unless otherwise stated. Finally, flagellar di-
mensions are measured using the length of the medial axis and breadth of the apex of each flagellomere.
Specimens were borrowed from the fol- lowing collections and individuals: COL- LEGE STATION—Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A. (R. Wharton, J. Woolley); COPENHAGEN—Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark (B. Peter- son); DAVIS—Bohart Museum of Ento- mology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A. (S. L. Heydon); GAINES VILLE— Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville (L. A. Stange); LONDON The Natural History Museum, London, En- gland (M. Fitton); LOS ANGELES—Los Angeles County Museum; Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. (R. R. Snelling); OT- TAWA—Canadian National Insect Collec- tion, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (L. Masner); PITTSBURGH—Car- negie Museum of Natural History, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (J. Rawlins); SAO PAULO—Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Bra- zil (C. R. EF Brandéo). Type repositories of specimens discussed below are indicated by the city name of the collection given in cap- ital letters and enclosed in parentheses. Ad- ditionally, ““PD”’ is used as an abbreviation
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. 1. Distribution map of Upa species.
for puncture diameter when discussing rel- ative densities of integumental punctation.
KEY TO THE MALES OF SPECIES OF UPA
1. Clypeus gently convex, flat or slightly concave between dorsal margin and trilobate apical margin, without additional projections or lobes (as in Fig. 5); propodeum highly polished and Sparselyspunctate mewn einen enna ienene 2
— Clypeus with one or more submedial lobes or projections between dorsal margin and trilo- bate apical margin (as in Figs. 2, 3, 6); pro- podeum densely punctate, appearing rough, punctures separated by one PD or less ...... 3
2. Abdomen without transverse yellow or orange bands beyond basal tergum; propodeum with small ovoid yellow lateral spot; aedeagus with greatly elongate ventral lobe extending further (HOGNI fORMENINESTS ooasccadaoovooadce longispina
— Abdomen with three or more terga with trans-
% bidentata
Q impressiceps ° ligulata
Hi /ongispina [] nasuta
24 porteri
@ tridentata
verse yellow or orange bands; propodeum with large U-shaped yellow spot; aedeagus with ventral lobe extending only as far as apex of jommmaraene (eg, 3) scocconoencvvce tridentata
. Clypeus with single submedial projection (Fig.
3); vertex greatly expanded beyond hindocelli, posterior margin separated from hindocelli by at least 2 midocellus diameters (Fig. 3); hy- popygium ligulate, without apicomedial emar- gination and not apically bidentate (as in Fig. B)isesiaaye eee sd. Ae ligulata Clypeus with two submedial or subapical pro- jections or lobes (Figs. 2, 6); vertex not unusu- ally expanded posteriorly, posterior margin separated from hindocelli by less than 1.5 mi- docellus diameters; hypopygium usually api- comedially emarginate or apically bidentate (as IN FIG 9) o jeu pial oh Choe ae ean 4
. Clypeus with submedial projections located
close together and just above apical margin, apical margin with large rounded medial lobe (IgE TG) Ia ih. old HEPRE see leper ee sne cheater ie teneetene nasuta
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
— Clypeus with submedial projections broadly separated, apical margin with three subequal lobes or teeth (as in Fig. 2)
5. Hypopygium apically rounded, not emarginate or dentate (Fig. 8); aedeagus with ventral and dorsal lobes well-developed (Fig. 15) .. bidentata
— Hypopygium apically emarginate or bidentate (as in Fig. 9); aedeagus with ventral lobe high- ly reduced or absent, dorsal lobes small and digitate (Fig. 14)
6. Epipygium lateral carinae not protruding dor- sally, dorsal surface appearing essentially flat; parameres relatively flat, not cupping aedeagus (icae Ie) PEt esl btegn SSC eto ARR porteri
— Epipygium lateral carinae strongly protruding dorsally, and dorsal surface appearing concave as a result; parameres strongly curved around aedeagus (Fig. 18) ............. impressiceps
Upa bidentata Kimsey, NEw SPECIES (Figs. 1; 8, 12; 15)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 11 mm; forewing length 10 mm; fa- cial and scutal punctures small and contig- uous; clypeus apically trilobate, with two widely separated medial projections; flagel- lomere I twice as long as broad; flagello- mere II 2.5X as long as broad; pronotal and scutellar punctures 1—3 PD apart; vertex un- modified; mesopleural punctures 0.5—1 PD apart; propodeal punctures laterally contig- uous to 0.5—1 PD medially, punctures trans- versely striatiform, with impunctate trian- gular dorsomedial area; tergum I highly polished, punctures 3—5 PD apart; terga II-— VI punctures 0.5—1 PD apart; epipygium apically truncate, medially slightly concave; hypopygium ligulate, apically rounded (Fig. 8); genital capsule (Fig. 15): paramere sub- medially curved and strongly tapered api- cally (Fig. 12); aedeagus with small dorsal lobe before apical loop and ventral lobes large and broad. Coloration black, with yel- low markings; clypeus yellow except dorsal margin and apical rim; lower eye margins and top of eye yellow; antennal lobes yel- low; vertex with sublateral yellow bands; pronotum with anterior carina yellow, yel- low lateral spot and transverse lateral yel- low band adjacent to tegula; tegula anteri-
57
orly yellow; scutum with two small poster- omedial yellow spots and lateral margin yellow; mesopleuron with dorsal and medial yellow spots; scutellar medial and anterolateral spots yellow; metanotal medial and anterolateral spots yellow; propodeum with large sublateral yellow band; fore- and midcoxae anteriorly yellow; hindcoxae with ventral and dorsal yellow bands; fore- and midfemur ventrally yellow; hindfemur ven- trally yellow grading to orange laterally and apically, and dark brown basally; foretibial outer surface yellow; rest of legs orange; sternum I with symmetrically lobate medial yellow spot; tergum I lateral margin and posterior bat-shaped bands yellow; seg- ments II-IV with anterior brown band, sub- medial yellow one with widely separated dark brown spots embedded in posterior margin, followed by narrower brown band; segments V—VII dark brown. Wing veins orange, membrane yellow.
Paratype males vary slightly in extent of yellow marks, particularly on clypeus and propodeum, and orange markings on terga II-IV, body length, 11-13 mm, and fore- wing length, 8-10 mm.
Female unknown.
Type material.—Holotype, male, BRA- ZIL: Santa Catarina, Nova Teutonia, Oct. 1964, EF Plaumann (SAO PAULO). The ho- lotype is missing one ultimate hindtarso- mere, and the flagellum is broken off and glued to the side of the pin. Paratypes: 2 males, same data as type, except Oct. 1935 (LONDON), 1 male, Feb. 1937 (LON- DON), 1 male, Sept. 1968 (DAVIS), 1 male, no date (DAVIS); 1 male: Parana, Curitiba, 4 Jan. 1937, C. Westerman (SAO PAULO).
Etymology.—The species name refers to the two medial projections on the male clypeus.
Discussion.—Superficially this species strongly resembles porteri and impressi- ceps; all have the same bilobate, medial clypeal projection, and overall coloration. However, bidentata differs from these spe- cies by the ligulate hypopygium (similar to
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
5. tridentata
7. porteri S 6. nasuta 8. bidentata 44 Ii 9. tridentata . ligulata 12. bidentata 10. tridentata
Davy
13. tridentata 14. porteri 15. bidentata 16. ligulata 18. impressiceps
Figs. 2-18. Details of species in the genus Upa. 2, 3, 5, 6, Front view of male face, with one antenna removed. 4, Front view of female face, with one antenna removed. 7, Dorsal view of female thorax, with head (top), legs, and abdomen (bottom) removed. 8, 9, Apex of hypopygium. 10-12, External view of paramere. 13— 16, Lateral view of genital capsule, with closest paramere removed. Abbreviations: a = aedeagus, al = apical loop, dl = dorsal lobe, vl = ventral lobe; gb = gonobase; p = paramere; v = volsella. 17, 18. Dorsal view of genital capsule.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
that of Jigulata); short aedeagal column (only about half as long as the paramere); well-developed dorsal aedeagal lobe; and greatly elongate ventral lobes. Upa porteri and impressiceps both have the aedeagal column more than half as long as the par- amere, short ventral aedeagal lobes and re- duced or absent dorsal ones.
Upa ligulata Kimsey, NEW SPECIES Gries Sse Ie: 1G)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 12 mm; forewing length 10 mm. Face (Fig. 3), punctures nearly contiguous, except on clypeus; clypeus with conical medial projection, narrowly trilobate api- cally, punctures 1-2 PD apart except for impunctate medial band; vertex greatly ex- panded behind hindocelli, posterior margin more than 1.5 midocellus diameters beyond hindocelli in frontal view; flagellomere I twice as long as broad, flagellomere IT 2.3 xX as long as broad; head densely punctate with small, deep, nearly contiguous punc- tures; thoracic punctures small but gener- ally 0.5 PD apart; propodeal punctures nearly contiguous; abdominal punctures be- coming denser toward apex, tergum I punc- tures 1-2 PD apart, tergum V punctures nearly contiguous; hypopygium ligulate, apically without emargination or angles; genital capsule (Fig. 16): paramere slightly curved and coarsely sculptured externally (Fig. 11); aedeagus with large dorsal lobe before apical loop and ventral lobes long and lanceolate. Coloration: body, including antenna, black with yellow on: antennal lobes, lower eye margin yellow, small yel- low spot on upper eye margin, mandibular base yellow; clypeus ventral half yellow ex- cept medially, vertex with lateral yellow stripe, pronotum with transverse anterior yellow stripe, transverse sublateral one, and lateral yellow spot; tegula medially yellow; scutum with two small posterolateral yel- low spots; scutellum medially yellow; metanotum medially and laterally yellow; forefemur apicoventrally yellow; midfemur
59
with narrow ventral yellow stripe; terga I- IV with subapical transverse yellow band broken medially, width of break increasing posteriorly, on tergum IV band halves sep- arated by their length; sterna II-III with small posterolateral yellow spot. Wings with orange veins; membrane yellow-tinted, darkest in costal and marginal cells.
Female unknown.
Type material—Holotype, male, BRA- ZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Arroio Arapua, 19 Dec. 1964, E Plaumann (DAVIS). The ho- lotype has 6 flagellomeres missing on one antenna.
Etymology.—The name refers to the lig- ulate hypopygium.
Discussion.—The most distinctive fea- tures of this species are the clypeus with a single medial projection, the expanded ver- tex, and the aedeagus with well-developed dorsal and ventral lobes. In addition, an un- usual feature of ligulata is the sculpturing of the external surface of the paramere, which is irregularly longitudinally grooved with associated punctures. There is some similarity between ligulata and bidentata based on the configuration of the clypeus, ligulate hypopygium, and aedeagus. U. lig- ulata differs considerably from other spe- cies of Upa due to the medially unilobate clypeus, expanded vertex, and subtriangular and sculptured parameres.
Upa longispina Kimsey, NEW SPECIES (Fig. 1)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 14 mm; forewing length 12 mm. Head with small, deep contiguous punc- tures; clypeus slightly concave in lateral view, apical margin tridentate; flagellomere I length 2.4 breadth; flagellomere II 2.8x as long as broad; vertex unmodified; pro- notum impunctate medially, dorsolaterally punctures 1—3 PD apart; rest of thoracic no- tal punctation, including propodeum, 0.5—1 PD apart; propodeal punctures transversely striatiform; tergum I punctures shallow and elongate, widely separated and 1-5 PD
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
apart; tergum II punctures shallow and con- tiguous to 0.5 PD apart; terga III-V with shallow, elongate contiguous punctures; ter- ga VI-VII punctures shallow, elongate and 0.5—1 PD apart, nearly impunctate medial- ly; epipygium apically rounded; hypopy- gium apicolaterally rounded and apically emarginate; genital capsule: paramere slen- der, curved and essentially parallel-sided until abruptly tapered apically; aedeagal column short, dorsal lobe originating at middle of paramere, ventral lobe very slen- der and elongate, extending about half of length beyond apex of paramere. Color black, with yellow on: clypeus, except me- dially, and dorsal and apical margins yel- low; antennal lobes yellow; inner and outer eye margins yellow; yellow between ocelli; mandible medially yellow; transverse band across vertex and along gena yellow; pro- notum with transverse yellow band on pos- terior margin; scutal lateral margin yellow; scutellum anterolaterally yellow, with two small medial yellow spots; metanotum me- dially and anterolaterally yellow; mesopleu- ron with small dorsal and medial yellow spots; propodeum with small sublateral yel- low spot and yellow spot anterior to spira- cle; fore- and midcoxae anteriorly yellow, hindcoxa with small yellow dorsal stripe; terga and sterna IIJ-IV with small antero- lateral yellow spot; tergum I with thin pos- terior yellowish orange line, tergum II pos- teromedially yellowish orange; sterna [—II medially yellowish orange; femora dark brown shading to orange and yellow; tibiae and tarsi orange; tegula brown. Wing veins brown; membrane yellow.
Female unknown.
Etymology.—The species name refers to the elongate ventral lobes of the aedeagus.
Type material.—Holotype, male, BRA- ZIL: Sao Paulo, H. Florestal, J. Land (SAO PAULO). The holotype is missing: one ul- timate midtarsomere, one antenna and the apical flagellomere on the other antenna. Paratype, 1 male, Sao Paulo, Cantareira, Coher (DAVIS).
Discussion.—Upa longispina is another
species without medial clypeal lobes or pro- jections, and is probably most closely re- lated to tridentata. It can be distinguished from that species by the darker coloration (having little or no pale banding on the ter- ga), and the propodeal markings restricted to a small yellow spot. In addition, the ven- tral aedeagal lobes are apically acute and not capitate, protruding well beyond the apex of the parameres.
Upa nasuta Kimsey, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1, 6)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 12 mm; forewing length 10 mm. Face (Fig. 6), punctation contiguous, small and deep, only slightly less dense on gena and clypeus; clypeal apex weakly trilobate, with projecting medial ridge terminating in bidentate apex just above clypeal apex; fla- gellomere I 2.4 as long as broad; flagel- lomere II length 2.9X breadth; vertex un- modified pronotal punctures 1—3 PD apart; scutal punctures 0-1 PD apart; scutellar punctures 2—3 PD apart; propodeal punc- tures 1-2 PD apart with impunctate medial stripe; tergum I nearly impunctate, punc- tures 3-6 PD apart; tergum II punctures elongate and 1 PD apart; terga III-V punc- tures 0.5 PD apart; terga VI—VII punctures shallow and elongate, 0.2—0.5 PD part; ter- gum VII with broadly impunctate medial stripe; epipygium apically slightly rounded; hypopygium apically linear with apicome- dial emargination; genital capsule similar to tridentata (as in Fig. 13). Body black with yellow on: clypeus, except ventral and dor- sal margins; mandible medially yellow; an- tennal lobes yellow; inner eye margin yel- low, with yellow line around gena and post- vertex; pronotum anterior and posterior margins (broken medially), and laterally yellow; propleuron medially yellow; meso- pleuron medially yellow; scutal postero- medial spot and two spots on lateral margin yellow; scutellum medially and anterolat- erally yellow; propodeum with large U- shaped yellow mark extending from spira-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
cle to hindcoxa and two submedial oblique yellow lines; terga I-V transverse posterior yellow band, broken medially, with inset dark transverse spot sublaterally; tergum I with yellow lateral line; segments VI—VIII black; sternum I, yellow except laterally and orange posteriorly; sterna II-IV yellow, except posteromedially black and orange peripherally; fore and midcoxae anteriorly yellow; hindcoxa with two oblique dorsal stripes yellow; femora ventrally yellow; tib- iae and tarsi yellowish orange yellow; teg- ula transparent yellowish brown; flagellum reddish orange ventrally. Wing veins yel- lowish brown; membrane slightly tinted.
Paratype males: vary in body length 11— 14 mm, forewing length 9-11 mm; and ex- tent of yellow markings, with the medial yellow spots on the scutum and scutellum often reduced or absent; clypeal projection can be strongly bituberculate or almost api- cally truncate, the apical clypeal margin with strong medial lobe and almost no sub- medial ones, or clearly trilobate.
Female unknown.
Type material—Holotype, male, BRA- ZIL: Sao Paulo, Serra da Bocaina, S. J. Bar- reiros, 13-17 Jan. 1969, Porter and Garcia (DAVIS). The holotype is missing the api- cal four tarsomeres on one midleg. Para- types: 17 males, same data as type (DAVIS, SAO PAULO).
Etymology.—This species name refers to the nose-like clypeal projection.
Discussion.—Several features of this species are unusual and diagnostic, includ- ing the bicolored flagellum, and apically bi- lobate medial projection on the clypeus. The male genital capsule closely resembles that of tridentata with elongate and some- what capitate ventral aedeagal lobes and hook-like dorsal lobe.
Upa porteri Kimsey, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 17)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 11 mm; forewing length 9.5 mm. Face (Fig. 2), punctures deep, small and
61
contiguous; clypeus apically trilobate, me- dially with two widely separated projec- tions; flagellomeres I and II length 2.6 breadth; vertex unmofied; pronotal punc- tures 1—2 PD apart laterally, impunctate medially; scutal punctures 0O—0.5 PD apart; mesopleural punctures contiguous; scutellar punctures 0.5—1 PD apart, impunctate me- dially; propodeal punctures contiguous and transversely striatiform, with impunctate anteromedial triangular area; tergum I punctures shallow and 1—3 PD apart; terga II-VI punctures 0.5 PD apart; tergum VII punctures large, shallow, elongate and 0.5 PD apart, impunctate medially; epipygium apically subtruncate; hypopygium apically medially notched or bidentate; genital cap- sule (Fig. 14): paramere curved and apical- ly tapering in lateral view, inner surface only slightly curved around aedeagus (Fig. 17); aedeagus elongate and slender with small angle before short apical loop, ventral lobes short and apically rounded. Colora- tion: body black with yellow on: clypeus, except dorsal and ventral margins and with two yellow bars under medial projection; mandibular basal spot yellow; lower inner and outer eye margins yellow, small yellow spot on upper eye margin; vertex with sub- medial yellow stripe; pronotal anterior ca- rina, medially located sublateral stripe, and lateral spot yellow; scutum with tiny yellow medial spot and lateral margin yellow; mesopleuron with dorsal and medial yellow spots; tegular anterior margin yellow; scu- tellum and metanotum with large medial and smaller dorsolateral yellow spots; pro- podeum with large submedial yellow bands; forecoxa with apical yellow spot; mid- and hindcoxae with dorsal yellow stripe; fore- and midfemora with ventral yellow stripe; hindfemur ventrally yellow, dorsobasally dark brown, apically orange; tibiae and tarsi orange; terga I-IV with yellow subapical bands; tergum II—VII dark brown; sternum I medial spot; sterna II-III brown, with sub- medial yellow band; sternum IV—VII brown. Wing veins brown, with orange stig-
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ma; marginal cell brown-tinted; rest of wing membrane lightly brown-tinted.
Female: Body length 9 mm. Vertex with large ovoid pit (Fig. 4); genal region ap- pearing impressed; pronotum (Fig. 7) with elongate “‘neck’”’ region, disk subovoid, rounded laterally and narrowest anteriorly, elevated above neck by weakly projecting bilobate anterior margin, somewhat im- pressed sublaterally; propleura bulging lat- erally on either side of pronotal neck in dor- sal view; propodeum with long dorsal sur- face in lateral view, posterior surface gently convex; tergum II with two transverse ridg- es and rugosopunctate between; tergum V posteromedially emarginate with small me- dial tooth; tergum VI highly reduced later- ally, medially produced into a ventrally V- shaped bilobate structure; sternum V ven- trally emarginate, projecting laterally into three acute teeth; sternum VI small with broadly V-shaped apical lip. Body dark brown, with yellow markings on head (Fig. 3), pronotum with two yellow spots on pos- terior margin; scutum with transverse yel- low band; tergum I with transverse anterior yellow band.
Type material.—Holotype, male, AR- GENTINA: Corrientes, Las Marias, near Gobernador. Virasoro, Sept. 1971, C. Porter (GAINESVILLE). The holotype is missing the ultimate tarsomere on one midleg. Para- type female on same pin as holotype male, therefore with same data (GAINESVILLE).
Etymology.—This species is named after the collector, Charles Porter.
Discussion.—Upa porteri closely resem- bles bidentata and impressiceps; all three have the same clypeal modifications, strongly curved paramere in lateral view, and relatively similar coloration. Addition- ally, porteri and impressiceps have an api- cally emarginate hypopygium, and long slender aedeagal column with reduced dor- sal and ventral lobes. U. porteri males strongly resemble those of impressiceps. They can be distinguished by the dorsally flat epipygium (strongly concave in impres- siceps), and in impressiceps the paramere
strongly curves around the aedeagus, al- most enclosing it in dorsal view (Fig. 18). However, females of these two species are very different. In female porteri the pron- otal disk is constricted anteriorly (not trun- cate as in impressiceps), the head is con- stricted across the genae, tergum VI is pro- duced into a medial V-shaped process (not unciform, as in impressiceps), and sternum V is armed with three acute teeth on either side of terminalia (simple in the other spe- cies).
Upa tridentata Kimsey, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1, 5, 9, 10, 13)
Description.—Male (holotype): Body length 12 mm; forewing length 10 mm. Face (Fig. 5) with small punctures 1 PD apart; clypeus gently convex in lateral view, apical margin tridentate; flagellomere I length 2.3 breadth; flagellomere II 2.8X as long as broad; vertex unmodified; meso- notal punctures 2—3 PD apart; propodeum polished and sparsely punctate, 3-5 PD apart or more; tergum I nearly impunctate, punctures becoming denser and very shal- low toward apex of gaster; hypopygium ta- pering apically, apex sharply bidentate (Fig. 9); epipygium apically rounded; genital capsule (Fig. 13): paramere slightly curved and tapering apically (Fig. 10); aedeagus with large dorsal lobe followed by deep notch before apical loop, ventral lobes slen- der, elongate and subcapitate apically. Color black, with yellow on clypeus, except dor- sal and apical margins; antennal lobes yel- low, along inner and outer eye margins yel- low; yellow between ocelli; mandible yel- low medially; yellow band across vertex and along gena; pronotum with lateral yel- low spot and transverse yellow band on an- terior carina and posterior margin; scutum lateral margin yellow; scutellum anterolat- erally yellow; metanotum medially and an- terior margin yellow; mesopleural dorsal and medial spots yellow; propodeum with large U-shaped sublateral yellow spot and one anterior to spiracle; coxae ventrally yel-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
low, hindcoxa also with oblique dorsal yel- low stripe; terga I-IV posterior band and lateral edge yellowish orange; sterna I-IV medially yellowish orange; segments V— VII black; femora dark brown shading to orange and yellow; tibiae and tarsi orange; tegula orange. Wing veins orange; mem- brane yellow.
Paratype males vary in body length 12-— 14 mm, forewing length 10—11 mm, and to some extent coloration. Coloration varies considerably in extent but not pattern, with the clypeus mostly yellow to nearly all black, scutum with small yellow spot in one, tergal bands III and IV lack banding. Two of these specimens appear discolored and somewhat bleached, probably due to how they were preserved.
Female unknown.
Type material—Holotype, male, BRA- ZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Mury, Nova Friburgo, Dec. 1975, Gred & Guimaraes (SAO PAU- LO). The holotype is missing the ultimate tarsomere on one midleg. Paratypes, 1 male: same data as type, except Dec. 1976
63
(female on same pin is a species of Dolli- chothynnus); 1 male: Sao Paulo, Santo, San Vicente, Nov. 1956 (LOS ANGELES); 1 male: “‘Brasilia,’> Mus. Drews. (COPEN- HAGEN); 2 males: Bahia, Encruzilhada, Nov. 1972 and 1974, M. Alvarenga (PITTSBURGH, COLLEGE STATION); 1 male: Minas Gerais, Nov. 1972 (OTTA- WA).
Etymology.—The name refers to the tri- dentate clypeal margin.
Discussion.—The structure of the male clypeus, hypopygium and genital capsule indicate a close relationship with Jongi- spina, and less so nasuta, as discussed un- der those species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was made possible by all the individuals and collections who loaned me specimens, and by National Science Foun- dation Research grant No. BSR-9107479.
LITERATURE CITED
Genise, J. and L. S. Kimsey. 1991. New genera of South American Thynninae. Psyche 98: 57-69.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 64-67
A NEW SPECIES OF PALATKA HULST (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: PHYCITINAE)
H. H. NEUNZIG AND M. A. SOLIS
(HHN) Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7613, U.S.A.; (MAS) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricul- tural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, % National Museum of Natural History,
MRC 168, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A.
Abstract.—Palatka powelli, n. sp., is described from New Mexico. Adults were reared from larvae feeding on Limonium limbatum Small (Plumbaginaceae).
Key Words:
The only previously described species of Palatka, P. nymphaeella Hulst, occurs from Connecticut to Texas. It is a maritime spe- cies, feeding as a larva on sea lavender (Li- monium carolinianum (Walter) Britton) a plant that belongs to the family Plumbagi- naceae (Corrette and Neunzig 1979). Re- cently, Jerry Powell, University of Califor- nia at Berkeley, brought to our attention an- other Palatka collected in New Mexico. The larval host of the New Mexican species has been identified as Limonium limbatum Small, that grows in the western United States mainly on saline flats, frequently near salt lakes, rather than in coastal envi- ronments.
Palatka powelli Neunzig and Solis, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-7)
Type locality.—Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Chaves Co., New Mexico.
Diagnosis.—Palatka powelli has a brown, well-delineated, distal band on the forewing, and, in the male the maxillary palpi bear, for the most part, long, slender scales, giving the palpi an aigrettelike ap- pearance.
Lepidoptera, Palatka, Plumbaginaceae, Limonium, New Mexico
Description.—Length of forewing 7.5— 8.0 mm. Head with frons roughly scaled, mostly white, reddish brown and black lat- erally; vertex roughly scaled, white; male antenna serrate with mesial edge of seg- ments 3—8 forming a basal sinus, each seg- ment produced distally into short, black spine, and entire sinus covered by weakly developed scale tuft; female antenna sim- ple; labial palpus (Fig. 2) oblique to upcur- ved, extending slightly above vertex; most- ly white, 2nd segment broadly scaled, with some black, mostly on distal half, 3rd seg- ment small, mostly black; male maxillary palpus with Ist segment thin and as long as, or longer than, segments 2 and 3, scales white, mostly long and thin (Fig. 3), female maxillary palpus simple, white. Dorsum and collar of thorax mostly white washed with ochre or pale reddish brown, with a few black scales. Forewing mostly white; subbasal area with black spot; antemedial line distinct, white, preceded by broad, pale brown (black in some specimens) patch; distal margin of antemedial line partially delineated by black; postmedial line dis- tinct, white, margined proximally and dis-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Fig. 1. Palatka powelli n. sp., male adult.
tally with thin line of black scales, distal line usually more complete than proximal line and followed by well-developed, broad brown band; discal spots distinct, black, usually somewhat fused together and with associated large pale-brown patch; medial area of wing also with scattered pale-brown and black scales; underside of wing of male without costal fold and sex-scaling. Hind- wing dark, brownish gray, paler at fringe and in some specimens with a few pale streaks on veins. Male abdominal segment 8 with sclerotized, ventral plates (Fig. 7) and a pair of easily dislodged scale tufts. Male genitalia (Figs. 4, 5) with uncus broadly triangular; gnathos distally a simple hook; transtilla incomplete; juxta a broad flattened plate; valva elongate, narrow; sac- culus produced into fingerlike element about one-sixth length of valva, extending toward costa; vinculum about as long as greatest width; aedoeagus with several stout cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 6) with duc- tus bursae shorter than corpus bursae, slightly sclerotized including triangular sclerite in basal half; corpus bursae without signum, with numerous microspines and with thickened distal appendage; ductus seminalis from corpus bursae near junction with ductus bursae.
Distribution.—Known only from south- eastern New Mexico.
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Holotype.—dé—Bitter Lake Wildlife Refuge, Chaves Co., New Mexico, V1-19- 93, V. E Hsu, J. Powell No. 93F43, emgd. V11-15-93, reared from Limonium limba- tum. In the Essig Collection of the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley.
Paratypes.—5 6d, 3 2 2—same collec- tion data as for holotype, except emergence dates V11-1, V11-7, V11-8, V11-13, V11- 17, V11-22, and some with genitalia slides DA 108,109, HHN 3765 and JAP 6801. In the Essig Collection and National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
Discussion.—The genitalia of P. powelli and P. nymphaeella differ as follows: P. powelli has a short, fingerlike extension of the sacculus (about one-sixth length of val- va), the ductus bursae is lightly sclerotized, and the thickened distal appendage of the corpus bursae is elongate, whereas P. nym- phaeella has a longer fingerlike extension of the sacculus (about one-fourth length of valva), the ductus bursae is strongly scler- otized, and the thickened distal appendage of the corpus bursae is short.
The male eighth abdominal plates asso- ciated with the setal tufts also are diagnostic for the two species. The anterior plate of P. powelli is strongly convex anteriorly, and the posterior plate is somewhat reduced with slender hornlike lateral arms project- ing posteriorly. P. nymphaeella has the an- terior plate weakly convex anteriorly and the posterior plate more nearly complete. Heinrich (1956) for P. nymphaeella stated ‘“Kighth abdominal segment of male sim- ple.”” However, his figure 462b shows a sclerotized plate and setal tuft insertions on this segment.
Etymology.—Palatka powelli is named in honor of Jerry A. Powell.
KEY TO PALATKA ADULTS
1. Forewing with well-delineated, transverse, broad, dark distal band (Fig. 1); maxillary pal- pus of male with many very slender scales (Fig. 3); southwestern United States SEIS COC Oe Oa CNe Beco etes caer Oz powelli, n. sp.
— Forewing without well-delineated, distal band; maxillary palpus of male with short scales; eastern United States ...... nymphaeella Hulst
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
=a YS ris Y
x
SS YS) 1e
=
Re se SS
Figs. 2-7. Palatka powelli. 2, Labial palpus. 3, Distal part of maxillary palpus. 4, Male genitalia (aedoeagus and juxta omitted). 5, Aedoeagus. 6, Female genitalia. 7, Ventral sclerites of 8th abdominal segment of male. All scale lengths 0.5 mm.
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to J. A. Powell, Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, who sent us specimens of the new species for study, and to H. T. Lankford and L. C. Sense of North Carolina State University for the photo- graph. L. L. Deitz, B. M. Wiegmann and D. L. Stephan of North Carolina State Univer- sity, E. G. Munroe of Dunrobin, Canada, J. C. Shaffer at George Mason University, M. E. Epstein at the National Museum of Nat- ural History, and R. W. Hodges and N. E.
67
Woodley, Systematic Entomology Labora- tory, USDA, Washington, D.C. reviewed early drafts of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Corrette, K. B. and H. H. Neunzig. 1979. Descriptions of and notes on larval habits of four immature phycitines in the southeastern United States (Lep- idoptera: Pyralidae). Annals of The Entomological Society of America 72: 690-699.
Heinrich, C. 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. United States National Museum Bul- letin 207: 1-581.
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 68-86
CHECKLIST OF THE SCALE INSECTS (COCCOIDEA: HOMOPTERA) OF MEXICO
DOUGLASS R. MILLER
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Building 046, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A.
Abstract.—The checklist includes 515 species-group names including 5 Aclerdidae, 11 Asterolecaniidae, 3 Cerococcidae, 63 Coccidae, 2 Conchaspididae, 4 Dactylopiidae, 224 Diaspididae, 15 Eriococcidae, 3 Halimococcidae, 4 Kermesidae, 5 Lecanodiaspididae, 20 Margarodidae, 16 Ortheziidae, 132 Pseudococcidae, and 8 Tachardiidae.
Key Words: atics, taxonomy, Mexico
Information on the scale insects of Mex- ico is scattered throughout the literature and often is found in publications that are not obvious sources of data on the Mexican Coccoidea. The purpose of this publication is to compile a checklist of the species known to occur in Mexico from all litera- ture sources so that this information can be used for two additional projects. (1) An as- sessment of Mexican biodiversity that is be- ing edited by four Mexican scientists enti- tled ““Biodiversity, taxonomy and biogeog- raphy of Mexican arthropods: towards a synthesis’; (2) A database that is being developed by the Systematic Entomology Laboratory and the Entomological Collec- tions Network called the “Biosystematic Information on Terrestrial Arthropods”’ which initally will develop a checklist of the arthropods of North America. State re- cords within Mexico have been compiled either from the literature or from specimens deposited in the United States National Mu- seum of Natural History, Beltsville, Mary- land. In many instances species are known only from specimens taken at US ports-of- entry, and specific locality information is unknown.
Scale insect, Coccoidea, scale, mealybug, armored scale, soft scale, system-
Two species that I would expect to be common in Mexico each could be docu- mented by only a single specimen taken at a United States port-of-entry with no spe- cific locality information. These species have not been included in the list, because of insufficient data. They are Pseudaula- caspis cockerelli (Cooley) and P. pentago- na (Targioni Tozzetti).
This checklist provides the valid name for each taxon known to occur in Mexico, a primary reference for each record, state records within Mexico, and an abbreviated synopsis of world distribution. Species ep- ithets are given in alphabetical order within the genus followed by the author, a number that refers to a bibliographic reference, and locality information. United States Postal Service abbreviations are used for records from states in the U.S.
RESULTS
The list includes 15 families, 154 genera, and 515 species group names. Family rep- resentation is as follows: Aclerdidae 1 ge- nus, 5 species; Asterolecaniidae 2 genera, 11 species; Cerococcidae 1 genus, 3 spe- cies; Coccidae 25 genera, 63 species; Con-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
chaspididae 1 genus, 2 species; Dactylopi- idae 1 genus, 4 species; Diaspididae 68 genera, 224 species; Eriococcidae 5 genera, 15 species; Halimococcidae 1 genus, 3 spe- cies; Kermesidae 3 genera, 4 species; Le- canodiaspididae 1 genus, 5 species; Mar- garodidae 8 genera, 20 species or subspe- cies; Ortheziidae 3 genera, 16 species; Pseudococcidae 31 genera, 132 species; Tachardiidae 2 genera, 8 species.
Aclerdidae
Aclerda
attenuata Ferris 18 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), United States (TX)
manni McConnell 18 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia)
mexicana McConnell 18 Mexico (Nuevo Leon)
oaxacaensis McConnell 18 Mexico (Oa- xaca)
sinaloaensis McConnell 18 Mexico (Sin- aloa)
Asterolecaniidae
Asterolecanium
cristatum Ferris 31 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia)
epidendri Russell 31 Mexico (Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), most tropical areas
grandiculum Russell 31 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (AZ, NM)
inlabefactum Russell 31 Mexico (Vera- cruz)
pustulans (Cockerell) 31 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Colima, Sin- aloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) most tropical and subtropical areas of Mexico and the United States
townsendi Cockerell 31 Mexico (Jalisco)
truncatum Russell 31 Mexico (Chiapas, Jalisco), Guatemala, Honduras
urichi Cockerell 31 Mexico (no specific locality), Brazil, Grenada, Nicara- gua, Panama, Trinidad
Sclerosococcus bromeliae McKenzie 15 Mexico (no spe-
69
cific locality), United States (FL), Peru ferrisi McKenzie 15 Mexico (no specific locality) Mycetococcus corticis (Townsend and Cockerell) 8a Mexico (Sonora, Veracruz)
Cerococcidae
Cerococcus koebelei (Cockerell) 16 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Mexico) russellae Kosztarab and Vest 16 Mexico (Morelos), Guatemala zapotlanus (Cockerell) 16 Mexico (Jal- iSCO)
Coccidae
Akermes colimae Cockerell 3 Mexico (Colima) townsendi (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabas- CO) Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Jalisco) Ceroplastes albolineatus volcanicus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Jalisco) angulatus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Tabasco) brachyurus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Jalisco), United States (AL, AZ) cirripediformis Comstock 3 Mexico (Coahuila, Guanajuato, Veracruz), nearly cosmpolitan elsewhere cistudiformis Cockerell 3 Mexico (Distri- to Federal, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Ve- racruz), United States (CA), Cuba coloratus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Tabasco) dugesii Lichtenstein 3 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Tabas- co), United States (FL), throughout Neotropics floridensis Comstock 3 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), nearly cosmopolitan irregularis Cockerell 3 Mexico (Chihua- hua), United States (AZ, CA, ID, NV, NM, TX) macgregori Sampedro and Butze 3 Mex- ico (Morelos) marmoreus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Jalisco)
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
minutus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Tabasco) purpurellus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Jalisco) sinensis Del Guercio 3 Mexico (Vera- cruz), nearly cosmopolitan Ceroplastodes dugesii (Signoret) 3 Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (NM, KS) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus 3, 10 Mexico (probably occurs in all states of Mexico), cosmopolitan longulus (Douglas) 3, 10 Mexico (Chi- huahua, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Ve- racruz) nearly cosmopolitan pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) 3 Mexico (no specific locality), Holarctic viridis (Green) new record Mexico (Chia- pas, Colima) most tropical and sub- tropical areas Ctenochiton aztecus Townsend and Cockerell 3 Mex- ico (Tabasco) Eulecanium subaustrale Cockerell 3 Mexico (Pueb- la?) Inglisia malvacearum Cockerell 3 Mexico (Mo- relos), United States (TX) Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) 3 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Nue- vo Leon, Veracruz), most tropical ar- eas of the world, also greenhouses. americana Ben-Dov 3 Mexico (Guana- juato, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), United States (TX) Megasaissetia inflata (Cockerell and Parrott) 3 Mexico (Veracruz) Mesolecanium impar (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabasco), Guyana nocturnum (Cockerell and Parrott) 3 Mexico (Veracruz) perditum (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Yucatan) Metapulvinaria lycii (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Baja Califor-
nia), United States (AZ, CA, NM, TX) Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) 3, 10 Mexico (Baja Califonia, Chiapas, Colima, Guerre- ro, Jalisco, Morelos, Sinaloa, Tamau- lipas, Veracruz), tropical Neolecanium chilaspidis (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Oaxa- ca) herrerae Cockerell 3 Mexico (Puebla) imbricatum (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Ta- maulipas) manzanillense Cockerell 3 Mexico (Co- lima) plebeium Cockerell 3 Mexico (Colima) sallei (Signoret) 3 Mexico (no specific lo- cality) tuberculatum (Townsend and Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabasco) Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) 3 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia, Chihuahua, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Mo- relos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Sinaloa, Sonora), nearly cosmopolitan Pendularia jaliscensis (Cockerell and Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Jalisco) Philephedra colimensis (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Coli- ma) crescentiae (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabas- co) lutea (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Colima, Dis- trito Federal, Guerrero, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz), United States (TX), Gua- temala mimosae (Townsend and Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabasco) parvula (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Morelos), United States (AZ) tuberculosa Nakahara 3 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (FL, TX), Colombia, Costa Rica, Guate- mala, Nicaragua, Venezuela
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Platysaissetia castilloae (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Tabas- co) Pseudokermes armatus Cockerell 3 Mexico (Tabasco) Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) 3, 10 Mexico (Chiapas), most tropical or subtrop- ical areas Pulvinaria elongata Newstead 3 Mexico (Sinaloa), United States (FL, GA, LA); Austra- lia, Africa, Neotropics, Morocco, Spain peninsularis Ferris 3 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), United States (TX) Saissetia miranda (Cockerell and Parrott) 3 Mex- ico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoa- can, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zaca- tecas), nearly cosmopolitan neglecta DeLotto 3 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora), United States (FL, HA, LA), Bermuda, Central America, Puerto Rico, Venezuela oleae (Olivier) 3 Mexico (San Luis Po- tosi), nearly cosmopolitan tolucana (Parrott and Cockerell) 3 Mex- ico (Mexico) Schizochlamidia mexicana Cockerell and Parrott 3 Mexico (Veracruz) Tillanococcus mexicana Ben-Dov 3 Mexico (no specific locality), Guatemala tillandsiae Ben-Dov 3 Mexico (Morelos, Veracruz), Guatemala, Honduras Toumeyella cerifera Ferris 3 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia), United States (AL, AR, FL, LA, NC, VA) mirabilis (Cockerell) 3 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ) sonorensis (Cockerell and Parrott) 3 Mexico (Sonora)
71
Conchaspididae
Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell 1 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Jalisco, San Luis Potasi, Ta- maulipas, Veracruz), United States (CA, FL), Neotropics; Africa, Aus-
tralia newsteadi Cockerell 1 Mexico (Veracruz)
Dactylopiidae
Dactylopius
coccus Costa 29 Mexico (Oaxaca), Peru; Canary Islands
confusus (Cockerell) 29 Mexico (Duran- go, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nue- vo Leon, Puebla, Sonora), United States (AZ, CA, CO, FL, ID, MN, NE, NM, NV, NY, OK, SC, SD, UT, WA), Bahamas, Canada, Haiti, Peru; Algeria, Australia, Mauritius, South Africa
opuntiae (Cockerell) 29 Mexico (Baja California, Distrito Federal, Duran- go, Hidalgo, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas), Unit- ed States (AZ, CA, HA, TX), Brazil, Jamaica; Australia, France, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Pa- kistan, Reunion Islands, South Afri- ca, Sri Lanka
tomentosus (Lamark) 29 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Oaxaca), United States (AZ, CA, NM, NV, TX, UT), Argentina; Australia, South Africa
Diaspididae
Abgrallaspis
cyanophylli (Signoret) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihuahua, Colima, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tabasco, Veracruz), widespread in tropics and subtropics
flabellata (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Guerrero)
fraxini McKenzie 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, CA)
howardi (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), most of United States
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
townsendi (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (Coa- huila), most of United States Acutaspis agavis (Townsend and Cockerell) 27 Mexico (Durango, Jalisco, Mexico, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Zacate- cas), United States (AZ, TX), Costa Rica, Trinidad, Venezuela albopicta (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Chiapas, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guerrero, Hidal- go, Jalisco, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamauli- pas, Veracruz), United States (TX), Central America aliena (Newstead) 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Chia- pas, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Tamau- lipas, Veracruz), United States (HA), Neotropics; United Kingdom decorosa Ferris 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa) perseae (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Nue- vo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, Yucatan) southeastern United States, Neotropics; Europe reniformis (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Oaxa- ca, Sonora) rhizophorae (Cockerell) 4, 6 Mexico (Ta- basco) scutiformis (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Sinaloa), United States (TX), Argentina, Aru- ba, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala tingi McKenzie 4 Mexico (no specific lo- cation), Colombia Ancepaspis novemdentata Ferris 4 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia) quadridentata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerre- ro) tridentata (Ferris) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ, TX) Annulaspis singularis McKenzie 4 Mexico (Baja California) Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) 4, 27 Mexico (Distrito
Federal, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas), in nearly all citrus growing areas citrina (Coquillett) 27 Mexico (Nuevo Leon), in nearly all citrus growing areas orientalis (Newstead) 27 Mexico (Guer- rero, Veracruz), United States (FL), Africa, Asia, Australia, Bahamas, Brazil, Caribbean Islands, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela; Pacific Islands Aonidomytilus albus (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality) United States (FL), warm areas of Neotropics; Africa, Asia concolor (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Puebla, Veracruz), United States (AZ, CA, CO, NM, TX) insulanus Ferris 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia, Nayarit) peninsularis (Ferris) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (TX) Aspidiella sacchari (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), in nearly all areas where sugarcane is grown Aspidiotus destructor (Signoret) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalis- co, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Vera- cruz), nearly cosmopolitan excisus Green 27 Mexico (no specific lo- cality), United States (FL), Neotrop- ics; Asia, Pacific Islands nerii Bouché 4, 27 Mexico (Baja Cali- fonia, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Pueb- la, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Vera- cruz), nearly cosmopolitan spinosus Comstock 4, 27 Mexico (Coli- ma, San Luis Potosi), nearly cos- mopolitan tridentifer Ferris 27 Mexico (Oaxaca, Ve- racruZ) Carulaspis minima (Targioni Tozzetti) 4 Mexico (no
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
specific locality), most temperate ar- eas of the world Chionaspis ; etrusca Leonardi 27 Mexico (Chihua- hua), United States (AZ, CA, TX); Europe, Africa, Turkey gilli Liu and Kosztarab 17 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, CA, NM) heterophyllae (Cooley) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States, Ba- hamas longiloba Cooley 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States pinifoliae (Fitch) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia, Distrito Federal, Durango, Mexico, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Zacatecas), United States, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Hondu- ras; United Kingdom platani Cooley 17 Mexico (Nuevo Leon), eastern United States salicisnigrae (Walsh) 17 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States Chortinaspis subchortina (Laing) 4, 27 Mexico (Ve- racruz), United States (AZ, FL, HA, MS, TX), Bahamas, Colombia, Ja- maica, Panama, Peru Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia, Colima, Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Mo- relos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas), most tropical and subtropical areas bifasciculatus Ferris 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), southern United States; Asia, Former Soviet Union dictyospermi (Morgan) 4 Mexico (Chia- pas, Chihuahua, Colima, Distrito Federal, Durango, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Sonora, Vera- cruz), greenhouses and tropical and subtropical areas Circulaspis ; bibursella Ferris 2, 4 Mexico (Colima) fistulata (Ferris) 2, 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California)
73
Clavaspis coursetiae (Marlatt) 4, 27 Mexico (Chi- huahua, Queretaro, Sonora), United States (AZ, FL, TX), Panama covilleae (Ferris) 4, 27 Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora, Yucatan), United States (CA, AZ, NM) herculeana (Cockerell and Hadden) 4, 27 Mexico (Chiapas, Tamaulipas), Unit- ed States (FL, TX, HA), Neotropics; Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific Is- lands pedilanthi (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), United States (TX) subsimilis (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Mo- relos), United States (TX), Guate- mala texana Ferris 4 Mexico (no specific lo- cality), United States (TX) Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Chi- huahua, Sinaloa, Veracruz), southern United States, Caribbean; green- houses in Europe Crassaspis maculata Ferris 4 Mexico (Sinaloa) multipora (Ferris) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Sonora), United States (AZ, CA) Crenulaspidiotus maurellae (Laing) 20 Mexico (Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacan, San Luis Po- tosi, Yucatan), Central and South America Dactylaspis acuta (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja California) calcarata (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia) dactylifera Ferris 4 Mexico (Colima) flaccida Ferris 4 Mexico (Morelos) serratiloba Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero), Panama Diaspidiotus aesculi (Johnson) 27 Mexico (no specific locality), western United States, Canada ancylus (Putnam) 27 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Oaxaca), United States,
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Brazil, Chile, Canada; Australia, South Africa
bumeliae Ferris 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (KS, OK, TX)
coniferarum (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States
crescentiae Ferris 4 Mexico (Sinaloa), Panama
osborni (Newell and Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States, Canada; South Africa
Diaspis
boisduvalii Signoret 4 Mexico (Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yuca- tan), nearly cosmopolitan
bromeliae (Kerner) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), nearly cosmopoli- tan
coccois Lichtenstein new record Mexico (Chiapas), United States (CA), Ja- maica; Algeria, France
concarpi McKenzie 4 Mexico (Oaxaca)
echinocacti Bouché 27 Mexico (Baja California, Chiapas, Durango, Nay- arit, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Po- tosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatan), common where ever cac- tus are grown
ferrisi McKenzie 4 Mexico (Oaxaca)
fraxini Ferris 4 Mexico (Sonora)
gilloglyi McKenzie 4, 27 Mexico (Chi- huahua, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), United States (CA), Belize, Guate- mala, Jamaica
manzanitae (Whitney) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (CA)
miranda (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Morelos, Veracruz)
parasiti McKenzie 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA)
radicicola Ferris 27 Mexico (Nuevo Leon), United States (TX); Algeria
simmondsiae Ferris 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Sonora), United States (AZ)
texensis (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Coa-
huila, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca), United States (TX) toumeyi Cockerell 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, TX) townsendi Cockerell 4 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit) Duplaspidiotus fossor (Newstead) 4 Mexico (no specific locality), Barbados, Brazil tesseratus (Grandpre and Charmoy) 4, 27 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Veracruz), nearly pantropical Epidiaspis baccharidis (Townsend and Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Mexico) leperii (Signoret) 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (CA, CT, MD, NY, RI), Argentina, Chile, Uru- guay; Africa, Asia, southern Europe michoacana Ferris 4 Mexico (Michoa- can, Morelos) Panama montana (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (Mi- choacan), United States (AZ, NM) peragrata Ferris 4 Mexico (Colima, Sin- aloa), Panama persimilis (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Cam- peche, Morelos) Exuviaspis enceliae Ferris 4, 27 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), United States (CA) Ferrisidea dentiloba (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (More- los, Puebla, Oaxaca) magna (Ferris) 27 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia), United States (CA, TX) prosopidis (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia) Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Veracruz), widespread in greenhouses and warm areas theae Green 27 Mexico (Tamaulipas), eastern United States, Neotropics; Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Pa- cific Islands Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (Coli-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
ma), United States (FL, HA), Neo- tropics; Asia, Australia Haliaspis distichlii (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia) milleri Howell 12 Mexico (Puebla) Helaspis mexicana McKenzie 4 Mexico (Sinaloa) Hemiberlesia candidula (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (CA, AZ) cupressi (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Mexico) diffinis (Newstead) 4, 27 Mexico (Chia- pas, Coahuila, Jalisco, Morelos, Sin- aloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas), United States, Neotropics lataniae (Signoret) 4 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia, Chihuahua, Chiapas, Coa- chulia, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico, Mi- choacan, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Vera- cruz, Zacatecas), greenhouses and tropical and subtropical areas palmae (Cockerell) 4, 27 FL, Mexico (Veracruz), tropical and subtropical areas popularum (Marlatt) 27 Mexico (Duran- go, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa), west- ern United States, Canada rapax (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Puebla, Sinaloa, Sonora, Zacatecas), nearly cosmopolitan Howardia biclavis (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Jal- isco, Tobasco, Veracruz), most trop- ical and subtropical areas Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) 27 Mexico (Chia- pas, Distrito Federal, Oaxaca, Sina- loa, Veracruz), most tropical and subtropical areas, greenhouses else- where Lapazia obtecta (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia)
75
Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) 27 Mexico (Colima, Distrito Federal, Sinaloa), most cit- rus growing areas camelliae Hoke 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States; Asia gloverii (Packard) 4 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Sin- aloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), most citrus growing areas tokionis (Kuwana) 4, 27 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Nayarit, Sonora), Neotrop- ics; Africa, Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands ulmi (Linnaeus) 27 Mexico (no specific locality), most temperate areas Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) 27 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia), United States (CA, HA), Ar- gentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru; Africa, Asia, Australia, southern Europe, New Caledonia, New Zealand Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré and Charmoy) 27 Mexico (no specific locality) FL, HA, Neotropics; Africa, Asia, Aus- tralia, Europe, Pacific Islands Manacaspis piriformis Ferris 4 Mexico (Colima) Melanaspis bromiliae (Leonardi) 6, 27 Mexico (Oa- xaca, Sonora, Veracruz), most tropi- cal and subtropical areas, cosmopol- itan calura (Cockerell) 4, 6 Mexico (Distrito Federal, Veracruz), Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, El] Salvador; Philippines coccolobae Ferris 6 Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz, Yucatan), United States (FL), Caribbean Is- lands, Central America, Venezuela deliquescens Ferris 6 Mexico (Durango), United States (TX) eglandulosa (Lindinger) 6 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (DC), Jamaica, Guatemala elaeagni McKenzie 6 Mexico (Chiapas),
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
United States (LA, TX), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras
enceliae (Ferris) 4, 6 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia)
frankiniae Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia)
indurata (Ferris) 6 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia)
latipyga Ferris 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Oaxaca), United States (TX), Guatemala, Pan- ama
leivasi (Costa Lima) 4, 6 Mexico (Guer- rero, Michoacan), Brazil, Guatemala, Panama
lilacina (Cockerell) 4, 6 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ, CA, NM)
mimosae (Comstock) 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Tamaulipas), United States (AZ, CA, FL)
nigropunctata (Cockerell) 4, 6, 27 Mex- ico (Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hi- dalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Puebla) United States (FL, SC, TX, VA), Costa Rica, Guate- mala, Panama, Puerto Rico
odontoglossi (Cockerell) 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Oaxaca), United States (FL), Ecua- dor, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad
pinicola Deitz and Davidson 6 Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala
ponderosa Ferris 6 Mexico (Distrito Fed- eral), Colombia, Panama
reticulata Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Mexico)
rotunda Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Michoacan)
sacculata Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Guerrero)
smilacis (Comstock) 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, San Luis Potosi) United States
squamea Ferris 6 Mexico (Oaxaca), Gua- temala, Panama
sulcata Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Veracruz), Cuba, Jamaica, Panama; Germany, Japan, Philippines
tenax McKenzie 6 Mexico (Chiapas, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz, United States (FL), Neotropics
tenebricosa (Comstock) 4, 6, 27 Mexico (Tabasco), United States, Panama tricuspis Ferris 4, 6 Mexico (Colima) Morganella cueroensis (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Mi- choacan), southeastern United States longispina (Morgan) 4, 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (FL, HA), Neotropics; Africa, Asia, Aus- tralia, Pacific Islands Mycetaspis apicata (Newstead) 4, 27 Mexico (Chia- pas, Veracruz) United States (TX), Brazil, Guyana, Panama defectopalus Ferris 4, 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (FL, TX), Central and South America personata (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Guer- rero, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Coahui- la, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tabasco, Yucatan), United States (FL, HA), most tropical areas sphaerioides (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Dis- trito Federal, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi), United States (LA), Guate- mala, Panama Mytilaspis mexicana Cockerell 4 Mexico (Morelos) Nicholiella digitata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero) Niveaspis argentata (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), Brazil, Panama cattleyae Lepage 4 Mexico (Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Veracruz), Argenti- na, Brazil fenestrata Ferris 4 Mexico (no specific locality), Panama townsendiana (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Co- lima, Sinaloa) Nuculaspis apacheca Ferris 27 Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (AZ), Guatemala californica (Coleman) 4, 27 Mexico (Nuevo Leon), United States, Cana- da
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Odonaspis benardi Balachowsky 2 Mexico (Vera- cruz), United States (TX), Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Martinique, Panama graminis Bremner 2, 4, 27 Mexico (Mex- ico), United States (CA) litorosa Ferris 2, 4, 27 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia), United States (AZ, CO, TX), Panama ruthae Kotinsky 2, 27 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), United States (HA), southern United States, Neotropics; Africa, Australia, Israel, Pacific Islands, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Opuntiaspis carinata (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Coa- huila, Guerrero, Jalisco, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, San Luis Po- tosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), United States (FL, TX), Belize, Guatemala, Peru jJavanensis Green 26 Mexico (Puebla); Java philococcus (Cockerell) 4 Mexico (Coa- huila, Distrito Federal, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querotaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Parlatoria camelliae Comstock 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States, Argen- tina, Chile; Abkhazia, Asia, Europe cinerea Hadden 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia, Colima, Guerrero), most citrus growing areas, except United States crotonis Douglas 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (FL, HA, LA), Neotropics; Africa, Asia, Pacif- ic Islands, greenhouses elsewhere oleae (Colveé) 27 Mexico (Chihuahua), most subtropical areas pergandii Comstock 4 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Oa- xaca, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Ta- maulipas, Veracruz), most tropical and subtropical areas proteus (Curtis) 4, 27 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, San Luis Potosi, Tamauli-
Wil
pas), most tropical and subtropical areas Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) 4 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), most tropical and subtropical areas, greenhouses elsewhere buxi (Bouché) 27 Mexico (Chihuahua, Veracruz), most tropical and sub- tropical areas strachani (Cooley) 4 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia, Campeche, Chihuahua, Co- lima, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Du- rango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz), most tropical and subtropical areas, green- houses elsewhere Protodiaspis agrifoliae Essig 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (CA) colimae Ferris 4 Mexico (Colima, Mi- choacan), Panama infidelis Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero), Guatemala, Panama lagunae Ferris 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia) parvula Cockerell 4 Mexico (Mexico) praetexta Ferris 4 Mexico (Oaxaca) pulchra Ferris 4, 27 Mexico (Oaxaca), United States (AZ) sulcata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero) vara Hoke 4, 27 Mexico (Mexico), Unit- ed States (AR, MS, TN, TX) Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) 27 Mexico (Chi- huahua, Guerrero), United States (FL), most tropical and subtropical areas Pseudischnaspis acephala Ferris 21 Mexico (no specific locality), Colombia, Panama, Peru bowreyi (Cockerell) 4, 21, 27 Mexico
(Michoacan, Tabasco, Yucatan), United States (FL), Neotropics Pseudodiaspis
elaphrii Ferris 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia)
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Pseudoparlatoria browni McKenzie 4 Mexico carolilehmanni Balachowsky new record Mexico (Nayarit), Colombia, Ecua- dor, Guatemala elongata Ferris 4 Mexico (Distrito Fed- eral ?) fusca Ferris 4 Mexico (Veracruz), Co- lombia maculata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero) ostreata Cockerell 4, 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (FL), Neotropics; Africa, Europe in green- house parlatorioides (Comstock) 4 Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Distrito Fed- eral, Durango, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Vera- cruz), United States (AL, FL, GA, HA, TX), Neotropics; New Zealand, Spain, Sri Lanka, greenhouses else- where perparvula Ferris 4 Mexico (Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nayarit, Vera- CcruZ) petasata Ferris 4 Mexico (Veracruz) punctata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero) serrulata Townsend and Cockerell 4 Mexico (Morelos, Sonora) Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) 4, 27 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Coahuila, Sonora) United States, Canada; South Africa Juglansregiae (Comstock) 27 Mexico (no specific locality), United States, Can- ada perniciosus (Comstock) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coa- huila, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Puebla, Sonora), most temperate areas Quernaspis quercus (Comstock) 27 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), United States, Canada, Cuba
Rugaspidiotinus circumdatus (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia) fuscitatis (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia) Rugaspidiotus arizonicus (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ, CA) sculpturatus Ferris 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ) Scytalaspis quadriclavata Ferris 4 Mexico (Guerrero) Selenaspidopsis brownit Nakahara 28 Mexico (Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Veracruz) mexicana Nakahara 28 Mexico (Vera- Cruz) Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) 4 Mexico (Chiapas, Distrito Federal, Puebla, Veracruz), United States (FL), Neotropics; Af- rica, Fiji, Guam, Philippines Situlaspis ruelliae (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia) yuccae (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Distrito Fed- eral, Sonora), United States (AZ, CA, FL, NM, OK, TX) Stramenaspis kelloggi (Coleman) 27 Mexico (Jalisco, Puebla), United States (AZ, CA, NM, TX, WA) Targionia bigeloviae (Cockerell) 27 Mexico (Vera- cruz), United States (CA, TX) yuccarum (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Baja California), United States (AZ, NM, TX) Unaspis citri (Comstock) 4 Mexico (Distrito Fed- eral, Puebla, Veracruz), United States (FL, LA), most citrus areas euonymi (Comstock) 4 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), most areas where eu- onymous is grown Velataspis anasterias Ferris 27 Mexico (Baja Cali-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
fornia), United States (TX), Nicara- gua, Panama mimosarum (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (Jalisco, Oaxaca), United States (NM, TX), Guatemala Vinculaspis laniata (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Oaxaca) virgata (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Colima), Pan- ama Xanthophthalma concinnum Cockerell and Parrott 4 Mex- ico (Chiapas, Veracruz), Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Panama Xerophilaspis prosopidis (Cockerell) 4, 27 Mexico (So- nora), United States (AZ, CA, TX)
Eriococcidae
Acanthococcus
araucariae (Maskell) 13 Mexico (Distrito Federal), wherever Araucaria is grown
aurescens Cockerell 13 Mexico (Platan- as) n. comb.
coccineus (Cockerell) 13 Mexico (Chi- huahua, Coahuila, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Zacatecas), wherever cactus is grown
dubius (Cockerell) 13, 21 Mexico (San Luis Potosi), warm areas of United States
gerbergi (McDaniel) 13, 22 Mexico (Dis- trito Federal), United States (AZ, ID, NV, UT)
larreae (Parrott and Cockerell) 13, 22 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA, NV, NM, TX)
palmeri Cockerell 13, 22 Mexico (Baja California) n. comb.
Ppaucispinus Ferris 13 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia) n. comb.
quercus (Comstock) 13, 22 Mexico (no specific locality), United States
shiraiwai Kuwana t3 Mexico (no specif- ic locality) n. comb.
tillandsiae Ferris 13 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia) n. comb.
79
Capulinia sallei Signoret 13 Mexico (Arroyo San Isidro), Cuba Carpochloroides mexicanus Ferris 13 Mexico (Oaxaca) Oregmopyga peninsularis (Ferris) 13 Mexico (Baja California) Xerococcus fouquieriae Ferris 13 Mexico (Baja Cal- ifornia)
Halimococcidae
Colobopyga attaleae (Stickney) 4 Mexico (Colima) sabalis (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Oaxaca) washingtoniae (Ferris) 4 Mexico (Baja California)
Kermesidae
Allokermes galliformis (Riley) 17 Mexico (Oaxaca), United States grandis (Cockerell) 17 Mexico (Mexico) Kermes nigropunctatus Ehrhorn and Cockerell 17 Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (CA) Olliffiella secunda Ferris 17 Mexico (Guerrero)
Lecanodiaspididae
Lecanodiaspis
dendrobii (Douglas) 11 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), Argentina, Colombia, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Ven- ezuela
partheniae Howell and Kosztarab 11 Mexico (Coahuila, San Luis Potosi)
prosopidis (Maskell) 11 Mexico (Coa- huila, Oaxaca, Sonora), United States
rufescens (Cockerell) 11 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (AZ, CA, CO, NM), Chile
tapirirae Ferris and Kelly 11 Mexico (Baja California)
80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Margarodidae
Cryptokermes mexicanus Morrison 24 Mexico (Jalisco, Morelos) Icerya colimensis Cockerell 24 Mexico (Colima, Mexico) littoralis Cockerell 24 Mexico (Guerrero, Tabasco) littoralis mimosae Cockerell 24 Mexico (no specific locality) littoralis tonilensis Cockerell 24 Mexico (Jalisco) montserratensis Riley and Howard 24 Mexico (no specific locality), Carib- bean, Central America, Colombia palmeri Riley and Howard 24 Mexico (Baja California, Sonora) purchasi Maskell 24 Mexico (Chihuahua, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Puebla, So- nora, Tamaulipas), most tropical and subtropical areas rileyi Cockerell new record Mexico (Chi- huahua), southwestern United States rileyi larreae Cockerell 24 Mexico (Chi- huahua) Llaveia axin (Llave) 24 Mexico (Veracruz), Pan- ama mexicanorum Cockerell 24 Mexico (Mix- coac-a hill) oaxacoensis Morrison 24 Mexico (Oa- xaca) Marchalina azteca Ferris 24 Mexico (Distrito Feder- al) Matsucoccus leiophyllae Ray and Williams 30 Mexico (Distrito Federal), United States (AZ) Neosteingelia texana Morrison Mexico (Chiapas), east- ern United States Protortonia primitiva (Townsend) 24 Mexico (More- los)
Steatococcus
mexicanus (Cockerell) 24 Mexico (Baja California)
morrilli (Cockerell) Mexico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, CA, NM)
tabernicolus Ferris 24 Mexico (Chihua- hua)
Ortheziidae
Newsteadia tristani Silvestri 25 Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica Nipponorthezia obscura Morrison 25 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (FL, IL, PA, SC, VA), Guatemala Orthezia acapulcoa Morrison 25 Mexico (Guer- rero) cacticola Morrison 25 Mexico (Quereta- ro) caudata Ferris 23 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia) ferrisi Morrison 25 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia, Sonora) insignis Browne 25 Mexico (Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Veracruz, Zacatecas), most tropical and sub- tropical areas lasiorum Cockerell 25 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (NM) mexicana Morrison 23 Mexico (no spe- cific locality) pini Morrison 25 Mexico (Guerrero) pinicola Morrison 25 Mexico (Durango, Morelos) praelonga Douglas 25 Mexico (Guerre- ro), Central America, Colombia, Venezuela pseudinsignis Morrison 25 AZ, Mexico (Baja California, Jalisco, Sonora, Ve- racruz), Guatemala, Peru selaginella Morrison 25 Mexico (Gua- najuato) smythi Morrison 25 Mexico (Distrito Federal) sonorensis Cockerell 23 Mexico (Sonora)
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
Pseudococcidae
Amonostherium lichtensioides (Cockerell) 19, 33 Mexico (Coahuila), United States (CA, CO, NM, NV, TX) Anisococcus milleri Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Puebla, Tamaulipas) Antonina graminis (Maskell) 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Michoacan, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Sinaloa, Ta- maulipas, Veracruz), nearly cosmo- politan nortoni Parrott and Cockerell 8, 33 Mex- ico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, KS, TX) Antoninoides parrotti (Cockerell) 8, 33 Mexico (Nuevo Leon), United States (KS, TX) Cataenococcus cualatensis (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Co- lima) ductorum Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (no specific locality) guatemalensis Ferris 33 Mexico (Chia- pas, Distrito Federal, Oaxaca, Pueb- la, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), Cen- tral America, Brazil, Colombia, Do- minican Republic, Jamaica ingrandi Balachowsky 33 Mexico (no specific locality), Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama larai Williams 33 Mexico (no specific lo- cality), Colombia, Costa Rica olivaceus (Cockerell) 19, 33 Mexico (Morelos), United States (CA, FL, TX) Chorizococcus rostellum (Lobdell) 19, 33 Mexico (Nay- arit, Sonora), United States (CA, LA, MD, MS), Argentina, Brazil; Austra- lia, Italy triunfoensis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Baja California) Distichlicoccus sahuayoensis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Michoacan)
81
salinus (Cockerell) 19, 33 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA) sinaloanus Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (Sinaloa) zacapuensis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Michoacan) Dysmicoccus bispinosus Beardsley 33 Mexico (Oaxa- ca), most of Central & South Amer- ica, Caribbean Islands boninsis (Kuwana) 33 Mexico (Tamauli- pas), most areas where sugarcane is grown brevipes (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Colima, Distrito Federal, Hidal- go, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Vera- cruz), warm areas of the world grassi (Leonardi) 33 Mexico (Tamauli- pas, Veracruz), United States (FL), Caribbean Islands, most of Central America, northern South America; Canary Islands hurdi McKenzie 33 Mexico (Veracruz) mackenziei Beardsley 19, 33 Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz), United States (CA), Central America, Ecuador, Ja- maica neobrevipes Beardsley 33 Mexico (no specific locality), Caribbean Islands, most of Central & South America; Asia, Pacific Islands pinicolus McKenzie 19, 33 Mexico (Tlaxcala), United States (CA, NV) texensis (Tinsley) 8, 33 Mexico (Vera- cruz), United States (TX) Ehrhornia cupressi (Ehrhorn) 19, 33 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA, OR) Ferrisia consobrina Williams and Watson 33 Mexico (Because of the numerous misidentifications of F. consobrina as F. virgata no specific locality in- formation is given for this species or F. virgata) Argentina, Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, Peru, Trin- idad virgata (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (no spe-
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
cific locality), most warm areas of the world Geococcus coffeae Green 33 Mexico (no specific lo- cality), most tropical areas Heliococcus corralesi Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (Coahuila) deserticola Miller 33 Mexico (Michoa- can), United States (CA, NV, TX) Humococcus atriplicis Ferris 19, 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (CA, TX) hilariae (Ferris) 19, 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua), United States (CA, NM, TX) yenseni Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Sonora) Hypogeococcus boharti Miller 33 Mexico (Oaxaca, Ve- racruz), Belize, El Salvador, Guate- mala, Honduras, Panama othnius Miller and McKenzie 33 Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Central America, Ecuador, Venezuela spinosus Ferris 19, 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (CA, TX), Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela Lachnodiella mexicana Ferris 33 Mexico (Tamaulipas) Nipaecoccus cercidii Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Baja California) filamentosus (Cockerell) 7, 33 Mexico (Baja California), Haiti; Turks and Caicos Islands filicis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Puebla) gilli Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Sinaloa, Veracruz) jonmartini Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (Jalisco), Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Venezuela kosztaraborum Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Morelos), Costa Rica neogaeus Williams and Granara de Wil-
link 33 Mexico (no specific locality), Brazil, Colombia, Trinidad
nipae (Maskell) 33 Mexico (Chiapas, Jal- isco, Puebla, Tabasco, Veracruz), most tropical areas of the world
zapotlanus (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Jal- iSCO)
Palmicultor
palmarum (Ehrhorn) 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), Bahamas, Bermuda, Jamaica; Pacific Islands
Paracoccus
alazanensis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Veracruz)
baccharidicola Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Hidalgo)
circuliprivis Ezzat and McConnell 33 Mexico (San Luis Potosi)
ferrisi Ezzat and McConnell 33 Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit, Nuevo Laredo, Sonora, Yucatan)
hamoni Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (no specific locality)
herreni Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Chiapas), Colombia, Nicaragua
juniperi (Ehrhorn) 33 Mexico (Distrito Federal), western United States
lycopersici Ezzat and McConnell 33 Mexico (Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Puebla, Tabasco, Tamauli- pas), Chile
marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Baja California, Veracruz), Belize, Costa Rica, Gua- temala
mexicanus Ezzat and McConnell 33 Mexico (Michoacan)
oneratus Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (no specific locality)
ordinis Williams and Granara de Willink 33 Mexico (Mexico)
reductus (Ferris) 33 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), United States (CA)
salviacola Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (Michoacan)
solani Ezzat and McConnell 33 Mexico (Sinaloa), Costa Rica, Peru
townsendi (Cockerell) 19, 33 Mexico
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
(Chihuahua, Coahuila, San Luis Po- tosi, Zacatecas), United States (NM, TX)
villanuevai (Miller and McKenzie) 33 Mexico (Veracruz)
Phenacoccus
capensis Ferris 33 Mexico (Baja Califor- nia)
defectus Ferris 19, 33 Mexico (Coahuila), United States (CA)
eremicus Ferris 19, 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), United States (CA), Argentina
eschscholtziae McKenzie 19, 33 Mexico (Querétaro), United States (CA)
franseriae Ferris 33 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia, Morelos)
gossypii Townsend and Cockerell 33 Mexico (Tabasco), southern United States
gregosus Williams and Granara de Wil- link 33 Mexico (Chiapas, Colima), Costa Rica
helianthi (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Mi- choacan), southern United States
hurdi McKenzie 33 Mexico (Baja Cali- fornia), southern United States
incomptus McKenzie 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality)
madeirensis Green 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), Caribbean Islands, Central and South America; Africa, Pacific Islands
mexicanus (Miller and McKenzie) 33 Mexico (Tlaxcala)
parvus Morrison 33 Mexico (no specific locality), Caribbean Islands, Central and South America
psidiarum (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Jalis- co)
solani Ferris 33 Mexico (Chihuahua, Dis- trito Federal, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Yucatan), most of United States, Brazil, Cura- cao, Guatemala, Trinidad, Venezue- la; Kiribati, Micronesia, South Afri- ca, Zimbabwe
solenopsis Tinsley 19, 33 Mexico (Baja California, Colima, Nuevo Leon,
83
Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora), southern United States, Cuba, Do- minican Republic, Ecuador, Panama Planococcus citri (Risso) 33 Mexico (probably occurs in every state in Mexico), cosmo- politan minor (Maskell) 33 Mexico (no specific locality), most tropical areas except continental Africa, not in United States Porococcus pergandei Cockerell 33 Mexico (More- los) tinctorius Cockerell 33 Mexico (Mexico) Prorhizoecus atopoporus Miller and McKenzie 33 Mexico (Puebla) Pseudantonina texana Ferris 33 Mexico (Mexico), Unit- ed States (TX) Pseudococcus agavis MacGregor 33 Mexico (Michoa- can, Mexico) calceolariae (Maskell) 33 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (CA), Chile; Australia, England, South Africa comstocki (Kuwana) 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua), eastern US, CA, NM, Argen- tina, Canada; Europe, Far East elisae Borchsenius 33 Mexico (Chiapas, Chihuahua), United States (HA), most tropical areas except Africa longispinus (Yargioni Tozzetti) 33 Mexi- co (probably occurs in every state in Mexico), cosmopolitan microcirculus McKenzie 33 Mexico (Morelos, San Luis Potosi, Vera- cruz), United States in greenhouses, Neotropics; Belgium, United King- dom viburni (Signoret) new record Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Quereta- ro), nearly cosmopolitan Puto ambiguus (Fullaway) 33 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA) californicus McKenzie 19, 33 Mexico
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(Baja California), United States (CA)
lasiorum (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Puebla, Tlaxcala), United States (NM)
mexicanus (Cockerell) 7, 33 Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Distrito Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Jal- isco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz), United States (AZ)
orthezioides (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Guanajuato)
simmondsiae McKenzie 19, 33 Mexico (Sonora), United States (CA)
ulter Ferris 33 Mexico (no specific local- ity), Guatemala, Venezuela
yuccae (Coquillett) 33 Mexico (no spe- cific locality), southwestern United States
Radicoccus
kelloggi (Ehrhorn and Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tlaxcala), United States (CA, CT, NJ)
Rhizoecus
americanus (Hambleton) 9, 33 Mexico (Veracruz), United States (FL), Ca- ribbean Islands, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador
apizacos Hambleton 9, 33 Mexico (Tlax- cala)
associatus (Hambleton) 9, 19, 33 Mexico (Mexico), United States (CA), Gua- temala
cyperalis (Hambleton) 9, 33 Mexico (no specific location), El Salvador
disjunctus McKenzie 9, 33 Mexico (Puebla), United States (CA)
falcifer Kunckel d’Herculais 9, 33 Mex- ico (no specific locality), United States (CA, FL, MO, NJ, NY), Su- rinam, Trinidad; Europe
gracilis McKenzie 9, 33 Mexico (Mexi- co, Tlaxcala, Veracruz), western United States, VA
leucosomus (Cockerell) 9, 33 Mexico (Veracruz), United States
macgregori Hambleton 33 Mexico (Mi- choacan)
menkei McKenzie 33 Mexico (Nayarit) mexicanus (Hambleton) 33 Mexico (no specific locality) neomexicanus McKenzie 33 Mexico (Ve- racruz) neostangei Miller and McKenzie 33 Mexico (Veracruz) ovatus Hambleton 33 Mexico (no specific locality) pauciporus Hambleton 33 Mexico (Chia- pas) polyporus Hambleton 33 Mexico (Sono- ra) solani (Hambleton) 33 Mexico (Tamau- lipas), Guatemala spinipes (Hambleton) 9, 33 Mexico (Ve- racruz), United States (AK, FL, GA) stangei McKenzie 33 Mexico (Nayarit) tropicalis Hambleton 33 Mexico (Vera- cruz), Guatemala Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua, Sinaloa, Veracruz), nearly all areas where sugar cane is grown Spilococcus eriogoni (Ehrhorn) 19, 33 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA, MD, TX) larreae Ferris 19, 33 Mexico (Chihua- hua), United States (AZ, CA) mamillariae (Bouché) 33 Mexico (Vera- cruz), nearly all areas where cacti are grown sequoiae (Coleman) 33 Mexico (Baja California), United States (CA) steelii (Cockerell and Townsend) 7, 33 Mexico (Chihuahua), United States (NM, TX) Syrmococcus pecosensis Ferris 8, 33 Mexico (Durango, Nayarit), United States (TX) Trionymus coronus Miller and McKenzie 33 Mexico (Veracruz)
Tachardiidae
Austrotachardiella nigra (Townsend and Cockerell) 14, 32 Mexico (Jalisco)
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
rotundata (Cockerell) 14, 32 Mexico
(Jalisco) Tachardiella
cornuta (Cockerell) 14, 32 Mexico (Chi- huahua), United States (NM, TX)
ferrisi Chamberlin 14, 32 Mexico (Baja California)
fulgens (Cockerell) 14, 32 Mexico (So- nora), United States (AZ)
ingae (Hempel) 32 Mexico (no specific locality), United States (AZ, CA, NV), Brazil
larreae (Comstock) 14 Mexico (Sonora), southwestern United States
mexicana (Comstock) 14 Mexico (Oa- xaca), United States (TX)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the following individuals for their comments and suggestions relative to the improvement of this manuscript: John A. Davidson, Department of Entomology, Uni- versity of Maryland, College Park; Michael Kosztarab, Department of Entomology, Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- versity, Blacksburg; Raymond J. Gagné and Michael E. Schauff, Systematic Entomolo- gy Laboratory, Agricultural Research Ser- vice, USDA, % National Museum of Nat- ural History, Washington, D.C; and Doug- las J. Williams, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.
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PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 98(1), 1996, pp. 87-92
PTEROMALUS ELEVATUS (WALKER) (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE): NORTH AMERICAN RECORDS OF AN IMMIGRANT PARASITOID OF THE GALL FLY UROPHORA JACEANA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
E. RICHARD HOEBEKE AND A. G. WHEELER, JR.
(ERH) Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0901, U.S.A.; (AGW) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- risburg, Pennsylvania 17110, U.S.A.
Abstract.—Pteromalus elevatus (Walker), a Palearctic species, is reported from several localities in Nova Scotia as a probable parasitoid of the gall-inducing tephritid Urophora jaceana (Hering) on black knapweed (Centaurea nigra). These records are only the third for P. elevatus in the New World; the first such record (Newfoundland), published in the European literature, has been overlooked by North American workers, and a collection of specimens in New Brunswick has been briefly noted in the American literature. This species is described and its distribution and habits in the Old World are summarized.
Key Words: Insecta, Pteromalidae, parasitism, adventive insects, biological control, Te-
phritidae
As part of continuing surveys for immi- grant insects in the Canadian Maritime Provinces, we report here the collection of Pteromalus elevatus (Walker) (Hymenop- tera: Pteromalidae), a species widely dis- tributed in the western part of the Palearctic region and a known parasitoid of the knap- weed gall fly Urophora jaceana (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae). During the summers of 1993-1995, this pteromalid was taken at numerous sites in Nova Scotia by sweeping flowerheads of black knapweed (Centaurea nigra L.). This plant is a principal host of U. jaceana, also native to central and west- ern Europe and accidentally introduced into eastern Canada (Foote et al. 1993).
Although a North American record (Newfoundland) for P. elevatus was pub- lished by Graham (1969) in his monograph of the Pteromalidae .of Northwestern Eu- rope, it was inadvertently omitted from the list of pteromalids in the Catalog of Hy- menoptera in America North of Mexico
(Burks 1979). In addition, Peschken et al. (1982) reported that 3% of 580 U. cardui (L.) larvae from galls on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) at Sussex Cor- ner, New Brunswick, were parasitized by this pteromalid (as Habrocytus elevatus). The two literature records and our own col- lection records for P. elevatus in Nova Sco- tia are listed and mapped, together with a short description of the parasitoid and in- formation on its geographic distribution, hosts, natural history, and possible mode of introduction.
Pteromalus elevatus (Walker)
Eutelus elevatus Walker 1834: 366.
Pteromalus elevatus: Walker 1848: 77, Bouéek and Graham 1978a: 228, 1978b: 81.
Habrocytus elevatus: Kurdjumov 1913: 13, Bouéek 1965: 8, Graham 1969: 538.
A complete synonymy for this species can be found in Graham (1969: 538-539), and Bouéek and Graham (1978a: 81).
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. 1.
The large and diverse genus Pteromalus Swederus (including Habrocytus Thomson, see Boucéek and Graham 1978a) contains about 100 species in the western Palearctic region (Bouéek and Rasplus 1993), and an- other 40 species in the Nearctic region (Burks 1979). Pteromalus elevatus is a member of the albipennis group, which in- cludes about 30 Palearctic species (sensu Graham 1969).
The female of P. elevatus, which is il- lustrated by Varley (1947: 165) and Red- fern (1983: Pl. 7, Fig. 2), can be readily distinguished from those of native Nearctic species of the genus by the combination of its larger body size (2.5—5.5 mm), its host preferences (gall-forming tephritids in flow- erheads of composites), and its unique pro- podeal structure (Fig. 1).
Females (Fig. 2) (and males) of this ad- ventive species are characterized as fol- lows: Head, thorax, and abdomen dark me- tallic green; coxae and all, except apices of, femora metallic green; tibiae and apices of femora brown, tibiae centrally infuscate; tarsi yellowish, last segment dark brown. Anterior margin of clypeus at most mod- erately deeply emarginate. Antenna with combined length of pedicellus and flagel-
Pteromalus elevatus, composite scanning electron photomicrograph. Propodeum, 65.
lum slightly less than width of head; prox- imal segments of funicle quadrate, the first usually at least very slightly shorter than pedicellus; scape reaching at most to level of lower edge of median ocellus. Head hardly wider than mesonotum. Scutellum discally finely to very finely reticulate. Forewing with row of hairs on lower sur- face of costal cell complete; postmarginal vein of forewing as long as or slightly lon- ger than marginal vein. Propodeum (Fig. 1) without a costula; panels of median area quite strongly sculptured, for the most part very finely reticulate; median carina raised to form a tooth subbasally. Gaster 1.1—1.6 times as long as head plus thorax; at least 2.5 times as long as broad.
Distribution.—In the Palearctic region, P. elevatus is widely distributed throughout most of western Europe, including Great Britain, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, and por- tions of the former Soviet Union (Molda- via) (Graham 1969).
In North America (Map 1), P. elevatus is currently known only from the following localities in New Brunswick (from a North American literature record), Newfoundland (from a European literature record), and Nova Scotia (from our own collecting):
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 1
89
Fig. 2. Pteromalus elevatus, composite scanning electron photomicrograph. Female habitus, lateral aspect,
35X.
New Brunswick: “‘Sussex Corner, IV- 1979, ex Urophora cardui galls on Canada thistle shoots’? (see Peschken et al. 1982: 353). Newfoundland: “St. John’s, 12-V- 1958, R. E Morris, ex knapweed seed pod”’ (see Graham 1969: 540). Nova Scotia: Cape Breton Co., Cape Breton Isl., Louis- bourg, 24-VII-1995; North Sydney, 24-VII- 1995; Sydney, 23-VII-1995. Colchester Co., Truro, 22-VII-1995. Digby Co., Digby, 20-VII-1994. Halifax Co., Halifax, 26-VI- 1993, 20-21-VII-1995. Inverness Co., Cape Breton Isl., Port Hawkesbury, 23-VII-1995. Kings Co., Kentville, 21-VII-1994. Lunen- burg Co., Lunenburg, 19-VII-1994, 21-VII- 1995. Shelburne Co., Shelburne, nr. marine terminal, 19-VII-1994. Yarmouth Co., Yar- mouth, 20-VII-1994.
Specimens that served as the basis for the Newfoundland and New Brunswick litera-
ture records are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNCI, Ot- tawa). All Nova Scotian specimens were collected or observed by the authors on flowerheads of black knapweed (Centaurea nigra); voucher specimens are deposited in the Cornell University Insect Collection (CUIC, Ithaca, NY) and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM, Wash- ington, DC). |
Hosts and natural history.—In western Europe, P. elevatus is a parasitoid of seed- head tephritids on certain Asteraceae (= Compositae). Its natural history has been studied by Varley (1947) in Great Britain (as Habrocytus trypetae Thomson), who re- corded it as an ectoparasitoid of Urophora jaceana in galled florets of black knapweed (cited as Centaurea nemoralis Jord.), and by Redfern (1983), also in the British Isles,
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Map 1.
who recorded it as one of two common ec- toparasitoids of U. stylata in galled shoots of bull (= spear) thistle (Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore).
Eggs are laid in gall cells containing lar- vae and pupae of the gall fly, or in gall cells already containing other parasitoids. Nu- merous eggs may be laid on a single host, but usually only one larva matures because newly emerging larvae destroy any other eggs or larvae they encounter. The parasit- oid is not host specific and may attack lar- vae of the eurytomid Eurytoma curta Walk- er and other parasitoids. Depending on cli- matic conditions, 2—3 generations are pro- duced annually. Pteromalus elevatus typically emerges in May and August, and
Known distribution of Pteromalus elevatus in eastern North America. A, literature record from Graham (1969: 540); B, literature record from Peschken et al. (1982: 353); all other records from authors’ collecting.
is able to locate numerous gall fly larvae at a stage suitable for parasitism. Newly emerged sexually immature females first feed on the host without laying eggs. The Ovipositor is pushed down through the neck of the flask-shaped gall until it stabs a host, which is stung and paralyzed. A secretion hardens around the ovipositor to form a tube through which the hemolymph of the host exudes; the female parasitoid then feeds on the hemolymph. Females gen